Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Study Populationa Overall and by Hispanic/Latino Background.
| Overall | Central American | Cuban | Dominican | Mexican | Puerto Rican | South American | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | N | Est (95% CI) | N | Est (95% CI) | N | Est (95% CI) | N | Est (95% CI) | N | Est (95% CI) | N | Est (95% CI) | N | Est (95% CI) |
| Mean Age (Years) | 15,568 | 41.1 (40.6, 41.6) | 1,662 | 39.7 (38.8, 40.7) | 2,265 | 46.5 (45.5, 47.6) | 1,334 | 40.0 (38.6, 41.4) | 6,301 | 38.6 (37.9, 39.3) | 2,503 | 43.2 (42.2, 44.2) | 1,022 | 42.4 (40.9, 44.0) |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Women | 9,356 | 52.4 (51.2, 53.5) | 999 | 52.3 (49.1, 55.8) | 1,206 | 47.7 (45.7, 49.8) | 879 | 61.0 (57.2, 65.0) | 3,936 | 53.7 (51.8, 55.7) | 1,458 | 49.8 (47.2, 52.7) | 609 | 54.6 (50.9, 58.6) |
| Men | 6,212 | 47.6 (46.5, 48.8) | 663 | 47.7 (44.5, 51.1) | 1,059 | 52.3 (50.3, 54.4) | 455 | 39.0 (35.3, 43.1) | 2,365 | 46.3 (44.4, 48.3) | 1,045 | 50.2 (47.5, 53.0) | 413 | 45.4 (41.7, 49.4) |
| Field Center (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Bronx | 3,658 | 27.0 (24.3, 29.9) | 207 | 18.7 (14.5, 24.1) | 40 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 1,246 | 94.1 (91.6, 96.6) | 184 | 7.5 (5.6, 10.0) | 1,641 | 70.3 (66.4, 74.5) | 157 | 21.6 (17.1, 27.1) |
| Chicago | 4,014 | 16.2 (14.4, 18.4) | 408 | 14.4 (11.2, 18.4) | 24 | 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) | 26 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) | 2,350 | 26.2 (22.7, 30.2) | 746 | 22.2 (18.9, 26.2) | 365 | 21.4 (16.7, 27.3) |
| Miami | 3,921 | 29.9 (25.9, 34.5) | 986 | 62.9 (56.3, 70.2) | 2,192 | 97.4 (96.3, 98.6) | 60 | 4.6 (2.8, 7.7) | 38 | 1.2 (0.7, 1.9) | 77 | 4.6 (3.3, 6.5) | 457 | 52.4 (45.8, 60.1) |
| San Diego | 3,975 | 26.9 (23.6, 30.6) | 61 | 4.1 (2.7, 6.2) | 9 | 0.4 (0.1, 1.5) | 2 | 0.4 (0.1, 1.6) | 3,729 | 65.2 (61.0, 69.7) | 39 | 2.8 (1.6, 4.9) | 43 | 4.6 (2.4, 8.8) |
| Annual Family Income (%) | ||||||||||||||
| <$20000 | 6,829 | 41.8 (40.1, 43.7) | 811 | 47.3 (43.5, 51.4) | 1,104 | 45.9 (43.1, 48.9) | 683 | 49.6 (45.2, 54.5) | 2,444 | 37.0 (34.0, 40.2) | 1,178 | 45.0 (41.6, 48.7) | 435 | 39.3 (35.4, 43.6) |
| $20000–50000 | 5,896 | 37.3 (36.0, 38.7) | 576 | 34.2 (30.8, 38.0) | 705 | 31.1 (28.3, 34.1) | 455 | 33.6 (29.9, 37.7) | 2,769 | 42.9 (40.8, 45.1) | 774 | 32.6 (29.4, 36.1) | 426 | 41.7 (37.9, 45.8) |
| >$50000 | 1,542 | 11.9 (10.4, 13.6) | 98 | 7.1 (5.4, 9.4) | 140 | 7.7 (6.0, 9.9) | 80 | 7.3 (5.3, 10.0) | 717 | 15.0 (12.4, 18.1) | 337 | 13.6 (11.5, 16.1) | 98 | 11.2 (8.8, 14.2) |
| Not Reported | 1,301 | 8.9 (8.2, 9.7) | 177 | 11.4 (9.6, 13.5) | 316 | 15.3 (13.4, 17.5) | 116 | 9.6 (7.7, 11.9) | 371 | 5.1 (4.4, 6.0) | 214 | 8.8 (7.4, 10.4) | 63 | 7.9 (5.9, 10.6) |
| Education Level (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Less Than High School | 5,874 | 32.0 (30.6, 33.5) | 686 | 38.1 (35.0, 41.4) | 514 | 21.6 (19.5, 23.8) | 557 | 36.9 (33.4, 40.7) | 2,774 | 36.0 (33.4, 38.7) | 972 | 36.4 (33.3, 39.7) | 253 | 21.7 (18.2, 25.8) |
| High School Graduate | 4,002 | 28.4 (27.3, 29.5) | 385 | 26.4 (23.7, 29.4) | 666 | 30.0 (27.4, 32.9) | 273 | 23.3 (19.8, 27.5) | 1,642 | 30.0 (28.0, 32.0) | 675 | 27.9 (25.4, 30.5) | 262 | 28.0 (24.5, 31.9) |
| More than High School | 5,692 | 39.6 (38.0, 41.3) | 591 | 35.5 (32.4, 38.9) | 1,085 | 48.4 (45.6, 51.3) | 504 | 39.8 (36.3, 43.6) | 1,885 | 34.1 (31.0, 37.4) | 856 | 35.8 (32.7, 39.1) | 507 | 50.4 (46.2, 54.9) |
| Health Insurance (%Yes) | 7,861 | 50.1 (48.3, 52.0) | 530 | 30.9 (27.1, 35.2) | 883 | 41.7 (38.6, 45.1) | 999 | 71.4 (67.5, 75.5) | 2,778 | 42.2 (39.5, 45.2) | 2,030 | 78.1 (75.5, 80.9) | 379 | 41.4 (37.2, 46.1) |
| Diet Score (AHEI) b | 15,568 | 47.6 (47.2, 47.9) | 1,662 | 47.1 (46.7, 47.6) | 2,265 | 43.9 (43.7, 44.2) | 1,334 | 48.6 (48.1, 49.1) | 6,301 | 52.0 (51.7, 52.4) | 2,503 | 41.8 (41.5, 42.1) | 1,022 | 46.0 (45.4, 46.7) |
| Physical Activityc (%Yes) | 9,920 | 66.8 (65.5, 68.1) | 1,107 | 69.8 (66.8, 72.8) | 1,187 | 54.8 (52.3, 57.4) | 851 | 66.7 (62.9, 70.8) | 4,165 | 70.8 (69.0, 72.6) | 1,580 | 67.9 (65.0, 70.8) | 687 | 69.9 (66.6, 73.4) |
| Place of Birth/ Age at immigration (%) | ||||||||||||||
| US born (50 States/ D.C.) | 2,678 | 22.5 (21.0, 24.1) | 75 | 7.0 (5.1, 9.6) | 113 | 7.0 (5.4, 9.1) | 119 | 15.9 (12.3, 20.5) | 1,041 | 23.8 (21.8, 25.9) | 1,028 | 48.3 (45.2, 51.6) | 42 | 5.6 (4.0, 7.9) |
| Immigrated at < 18 Years | 2,612 | 19.1 (18.1, 20.1) | 207 | 18.3 (15.7, 21.3) | 226 | 11.4 (10.0, 13.1) | 212 | 21.1 (18.4, 24.1) | 1,115 | 20.9 (19.2, 22.9) | 694 | 25.4 (22.8, 28.1) | 110 | 16.2 (12.8, 20.5) |
| Immigrated at >= 18 Years | 10,278 | 58.4 (56.6, 60.3) | 1,380 | 74.7 (71.4, 78.2) | 1,926 | 81.6 (79.2, 84.0) | 1,003 | 63.1 (58.5, 67.9) | 4,145 | 55.3 (53.2, 57.5) | 781 | 26.4 (23.5, 29.7) | 870 | 78.2 (74.1, 82.5) |
| Language Preference | ||||||||||||||
| Spanish | 12,525 | 75.4 (73.7, 77.2) | 1,544 | 88.6 (85.8, 91.5) | 2,134 | 92.8 (91.2, 94.5) | 1,133 | 77.0 (72.1, 82.1) | 5,295 | 77.9 (75.8, 80.1) | 1,234 | 41.9 (38.3, 45.7) | 942 | 89.2 (86.4, 92.1) |
| English | 3,043 | 24.6 (22.8, 26.4) | 118 | 11.4 (8.9, 14.6) | 131 | 7.2 (5.7, 9.0) | 201 | 23.0 (18.6, 28.6) | 1,006 | 22.1 (20.0, 24.3) | 1,269 | 58.1 (54.6, 61.9) | 80 | 10.8 (8.3, 14.0) |
| CVD Risk Factorsd (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 4,221 | 21.9 (20.8, 23.1) | 428 | 20.1 (17.8, 22.7) | 811 | 32.9 (30.5, 35.6) | 434 | 23.9 (21.1, 27.2) | 1,303 | 14.7 (13.1, 16.4) | 942 | 28.6 (26.0, 31.4) | 205 | 17.5 (14.6, 20.9) |
| Dyslipidemia | 7,389 | 44.3 (43.1, 45.5) | 808 | 46.5 (43.4, 49.9) | 1,165 | 50.5 (48.0, 53.2) | 566 | 37.3 (33.7, 41.3) | 2,914 | 42.1 (40.2, 44.1) | 1279 | 47.6 (44.7, 50.7) | 464 | 42.5 (38.3, 47.1) |
| Current Smoker | 2,966 | 21.1 (20.0, 22.3) | 226 | 14.7 (12.5, 17.3) | 654 | 26.3 (23.9, 29.0) | 139 | 12.0 (9.2, 15.6) | 938 | 17.7 (16.0, 19.5) | 762 | 33.0 (30.4, 35.9) | 134 | 13.1 (10.4, 16.5) |
| Diabetes | 3,028 | 14.8 (13.9, 15.6) | 287 | 13.3 (11.4, 15.6) | 395 | 15.8 (13.9, 18.0) | 249 | 14.7 (12.5, 17.2) | 1,263 | 14.3 (13.1, 15.7) | 644 | 17.8 (16.0, 19.9) | 127 | 9.4 (7.4, 11.9) |
| Obesity | 6,594 | 39.6 (38.3, 41.0) | 692 | 37.6 (34.8, 40.5) | 869 | 38.0 (35.5, 40.6) | 554 | 41.4 (37.7, 45.6) | 2,694 | 38.6 (36.2, 41.2) | 1,215 | 46.5 (43.5, 49.7) | 351 | 30.4 (26.8, 34.5) |
| Family History (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Family History of CHD | 4,479 | 24.6 (23.4, 25.7) | 376 | 17.5 (15.2, 20.0) | 728 | 27.8 (26.0, 29.8) | 396 | 24.3 (21.8, 27.2) | 1,585 | 21.0 (18.9, 23.4) | 1,005 | 34.3 (31.3, 37.6) | 263 | 23.3 (20.2, 26.8) |
| Family History of Stroke | 2,371 | 12.8 (12.0, 13.6) | 244 | 11.5 (9.9, 13.3) | 351 | 13.9 (12.3, 15.8) | 200 | 13.3 (10.9, 16.2) | 774 | 9.3 (8.4, 10.4) | 569 | 19.6 (17.2, 22.4) | 149 | 13.4 (10.8, 16.6) |
| Family History of Cancer | 3,805 | 21.7 (20.7, 22.7) | 356 | 18.3 (16.1, 20.8) | 697 | 27.2 (25.1, 29.5) | 253 | 16.0 (13.7, 18.7) | 1,407 | 19.4 (17.9, 21.0) | 721 | 24.9 (22.5, 27.6) | 256 | 22.9 (19.6, 26.6) |
| Prevalent Disease (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Self-Reported CHD including MI, CABG, Stent, or Balloon Angioplasty | 503 | 2.7 (2.4, 3.1) | 33 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 88 | 3.8 (2.9, 4.9) | 51 | 2.6 (1.9, 3.6) | 141 | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) | 155 | 4.8 (3.8, 5.9) | 21 | 2.2 (1.3, 3.5) |
| Self-Report of ever having COPD/ Emphysema or CB | 1,035 | 6.1 (5.6, 6.7) | 55 | 2.6 (1.8, 3.8) | 191 | 7.1 (6.0, 8.5) | 62 | 5.2 (3.0, 9.1) | 314 | 4.5 (3.9, 5.3) | 323 | 11.2 (9.4, 13.4) | 39 | 4.2 (2.9, 6.1) |
| Self-Reported Stroke | 229 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 24 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 38 | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 22 | 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) | 64 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 65 | 2.0 (1.5, 2.7) | 10 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.8) |
| Renal Disease | 2,048 | 12.1 (11.3, 12.9) | 229 | 12.8 (11.0, 14.9) | 455 | 19.2 (17.3, 21.2) | 202 | 14.0 (11.8, 16.5) | 642 | 8.5 (7.6, 9.6) | 349 | 11.3 (9.8, 13.1) | 119 | 10.8 (8.8, 13.4) |
| Self-Reported Cancer -- Any | 613 | 3.7 (3.2, 4.2) | 57 | 2.4 (1.8, 3.3) | 124 | 5.8 (4.5, 7.4) | 36 | 2.5 (1.6, 3.9) | 211 | 2.6 (2.0, 3.5) | 134 | 5.2 (3.7, 7.4) | 35 | 3.0 (2.0, 4.5) |
| Elevated Depressive Symptomsc (%) | ||||||||||||||
| CESD10<10 | 11,014 | 73.1 (72.0, 74.3) | 1,195 | 75.5 (73.0, 78.2) | 1,547 | 71.7 (69.4, 74.1) | 946 | 72.4 (69.5, 75.5) | 4,769 | 77.8 (75.9, 79.8) | 1,469 | 62.2 (59.5, 65.1) | 754 | 75.5 (72.1, 79.1) |
| CESD10≥10 | 4,554 | 26.9 (25.7, 28.1) | 467 | 24.5 (22.0, 27.2) | 718 | 28.3 (26.0, 30.8) | 388 | 27.6 (24.8, 30.8) | 1,532 | 22.2 (20.3, 24.2) | 1,034 | 37.8 (35.1, 40.7) | 268 | 24.5 (21.2, 28.2) |
Abbreviations: AHEI: Alternate Healthy Eating Index; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CB: chronic bronchitis; CHD: coronary heart disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CESD-10: Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 10-item version; Est.: Estimate; GED: General Educational Development; MI: myocardial infarction
All values are weighted for study design and non-response except for N where the unweighted N is presented.
Dietary intake was ascertained by two 24-hour dietary recalls administered 6 weeks apart. The Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-2010), a summary measure of diet quality based on foods/nutrients predictive of chronic disease risk, was computed. The AHEI assesses intake of 11 dietary components, i.e., vegetables other than potatoes, whole fruit, whole grains, sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice, nuts and legumes, red/processed meat, trans-fats, long-chain (n-3) fats (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), polyunsaturated fatty acids, sodium, and alcohol intake. The NCI method was used to estimate the usual intake for each component. Individual components were scored from 0 (worst) to 10 (best) and were summed to compute the overall AHEI score.
Self-reported physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) (33). Information was obtained on weekly frequency and average daily duration of transportation-related activity (i.e., walking or bicycling for travel, considered as moderate-intensity activity), and moderate- and vigorous-intensity work-related and leisure-time physical activity. Physical activity levels were categorized as whether or not the participant met high or medium activity levels per the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, i.e., at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity, or 75 minutes/week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of both.
Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥140 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medication. Dyslipidemia was defined as LDL cholesterol >=160 mg/dL or HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL or triglycerides >=200 mg/dL or taking cholesterol lowering medication. Current cigarette smoking was defined as currently smoking and having smoked >100 cigarettes over the lifetime. Diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, HbA1c ≥6.5%, or self-reported diabetes medication use. Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30.0 kg/m2.
Depressive symptoms were assessed with the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 10) and elevated depressive symptoms were defined as CES-D 10 score≥10.