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. 2024 Sep 20;18:1398653. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1398653

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Copyright © 2024 Lyu, Zhang, Ding and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagrams illustrating associations examined in this study. (A) The total effect between CD3 on activated and secreting Tregs and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). a is the total effect using genetically predicted CD3 on activated and secreting Tregs as exposure and GBS as outcome. b is the total effect using genetically predicted GBS as exposure and CD3 on activated and secreting Tregs as outcome. (B) The total effect was decomposed into: (1) indirect effect using a two-step approach (where c is the total effect of CD3 on activated and secreting Tregs on N-acetyl-L-alanine (ALA), and d is the effect of ALA on GBS) and the product method (c × d) and (2) direct effect (e = a–c × d). Proportion mediated was the indirect effect divided by the total effect.