Table 1.
Summary of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis
| First author, Year, Reference | Age (years) | Country/ Continent | Sample size (n) | Prevalence (%) | Diagnostic tool | Population | Quality Score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||||||||||
| Babazadeh, 2015 [34] | 68.2±6.8 | Iran / Asia | 383 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 1.3 | DASS- 21 | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Thapa, 2020 [35] | 71.1±8.2 | Nepal / Asia | 794 | 15.4 | 18.1 | 12.1 | DASS- 21 | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Blazer, 1987 [29] | ˃ 60 | USA / America | 3000 | 2.1 | - | - | DSM-III | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Kirmizioglu, 2009 [36] | ˃ 65 | Turkey / Europe | 462 | - | 17.1 | - | DSM-IV | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Wongpakaran, 2019 [37] | 69.24±6.8 | Thailand/Asia | 803 | 23.7 | 6.4 | - | DSM-IV | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Raeisvandi, 2023 [38] | 69.86±7.2 | Iran/ Asia | 301 | 45.5 | 35.5 | 40.2 | DASS- 21 | General Population | 9 | ||||
| Jayakody, 2018 [39] | 64.44±10.77 | Australia / Australia | 151 | 27.51 | 5.89 | 5.64 | DASS- 21 | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Chen, 2022 [40] | 70.2±7.1 | China/ Asia | 966 | 7.8 | 6.3 | - | DASS- 21 | Hospitalization | 8 | ||||
| Milani and Lavie, 1998 [41] | 71±4 | USA / America | 268 | 18 | - | - | SF-36 | Coronary Heart Disease | 6 | ||||
| Malhotra, 2023 [42] | 67.4±6.5 | India / Asia | 690 | 7.83 | 12.02 | 5.2 | DASS- 21 | COVID-19 | 6 | ||||
| Maercker, 2008 [32] | 75.2±7.5 | Switzerland / Europe | 65,512 | 2.3 | 4.2 | - | DSM-IV | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Molyneux, 2008 [43] | 79.2 | Ireland / Europe | 100 | 21 | - | - | GDS-15 | Hospitalization | 6 | ||||
| Lindesay, 1989 [44] | ˃ 65 | England / Europe | 890 | 13.5 | 3.7 | - | DSM-III | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Pasha, 2023 [45] | 71.4 | Iran / Asia | 140 | 62.9 | 97.1 | 58.6 | DASS- 21 | COVID-19 | 8 | ||||
| Marsa, 2020 [46] | 72.1 | Iran / Asia | 436 | 60.3 | 51.7 | 24.6 | DASS- 21 | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Barakat, 2019 [28] | 66.2±7.73 | Egypt / Africa | 756 | 60 | 38 | - | Beck’s | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Lu, 2023 [47] | 72.74±6.5 | China / Asia | 1173 | 37.34 | 32.74 | - | DASS- 21 | General Population | 8 | ||||
| Canuto, 2018 [48] | 65-84 | Germany, Italy, England, Spain, Switzerland, and Israel / Europe | 3142 | - | 17.2 | - | CIDI65+ | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Zhang, 2015 [49] | 72.8±5.3 | France/Europe | 1974 | - | 11 | - | DSM-IV | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Curran, 2020 [50] | ˃ 60 | England / Europe | 1863 | 8 | 2.6 | - | DASS- 21 | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Richardson, 2012 [51] | 76.5±9.2 | USA / America | 378 | 31 | - | - | DSM-IV-TR | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Zhang, 2012 [52] | 68.96±7.1 | China / Asia | 284 | 35.2 | 42.9 | - | DSM-IV-TR | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Kang, 2016 [53] | 72.2±5.9 | South korea / Asia | 1204 | - | 38.1 | - | GMS-B3 | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Sari and Manungkalit, 2019 [54] | 75-90 | Indonesia / Asia | 145 | 65.5 | 15.2 | 0.7 | HARS, SPST-20, GDS | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Malhotra, 2023 [42] | 67.45 ± 6.5 | India / Asia | 690 | 7.83 | 12.02 | 5.2 | DASS-21 | COVID-19 | 7 | ||||
| Dura, 1990 [55] | 68.1±8.3 | USA / America | 756 | 30 | - | - | DSM-III | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Nayak, 2019 [56] | 66.5 | India / Asia | 244 | 46.7 | 57.3 | - | GDS-15 | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Prina, 2011 [57] | ˃ 65 | China and India/Asia | 15,021 | - | 2.9 | - | GMS | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Yang, 2021 [58] | ˃ 65 | China/Asia | 953 | 19.4 | 44 | - | SDS and SAS | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Gum, 2009 [59] | ˃ 65 | USA / America | 1461 | - | 7 | - | DSM-III | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Raeisvandi, 2022 [60] | 69.86 | Iran / Asia | 301 | 45.5 | 35.5 | 40.2 | DASS-21 | General Population | 8 | ||||
| Ganatra, 2008 [61] | ˃ 65 | Pakistan /Asia | 402 | 22.9 | - | - | DSM-III | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Mehta, 2003 [62] | 74±3 | USA / America | 3075 | - | 20 | - | DSM-III | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Choulagai, 2013 [63] | 78 | Nepal / Asia | 78 | 66.7 | - | - | GDS-15 | Geriatric Homes | 7 | ||||
| Murrell, 1983 [64] | ˃ 60 | USA / America | 2517 | 13.7 | - | - | CES-D | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Sjoberg, 2017 [65] | ˃ 60 | Sweden / Europe | 3353 | 21 | - | - | DSM-IVTR/DSM-5 | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Assil and Zeidan, 2013 [27] | ˃ 60 | Sudanese / Africa | 300 | 47.5 | - | - | GDS | General Population | 5 | ||||
| El-Gabalawy, 2011 [66] | 67.1±0.1 | Canada / America | 12,792 | 7.7 | 4.9 | - | CIDI | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Anwar, 2023 [26] | ˃ 60 | Myanmar/Asia | 864 | - | 68 | 93 | CAS | COVID-19 | 7 | ||||
| de Oliveira Andrade, 2022 [67] | ˃ 65 | Brazil / America | 380 | 28.7 | 26.1 | - | GDS and GAD | COVID-19 | 7 | ||||
| Neville and Teri, 2011 [68] | 86.2 | USA / America | 148 | - | 11 | - | CAS | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Suri, 2018 [69] | ˃ 65 | India / Asia | 697 | 23 | 38 | - | HAM-D and HAM-A | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Mackenzie, 2011 [70] | ˃ 65 | USA / America | 12,312 | - | 2.80 | - | GAD | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Cohen, 2006 [71] | 70.3±2.5 | USA / America | 1074 | - | 15.6 | - | DSM-III | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Maung, 2022 [72] | ˃ 65 | Malaysia / Asia | 178 | 23.6 | 18.5 | 7.9 | DASS-21 | General Population | 8 | ||||
| Suradom, 2019 [73] | 68.39±6.74 | Thailand / Asia | 803 | 23.66 | 16.84 | - | HAMD-7 | General Population | 8 | ||||
| Yao, 2021 [74] | ˃ 65 | China / Asia | 206 | - | 30.1 | - | HAMA | Diabetes and hypertension | 7 | ||||
| Mutepfa, 2021 [75] | 71.8±9.1 | Botswana / Africa | 378 | - | 18.6 | - | GAD-7 | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Zhang and Cooper, 2010 [76] | ˃ 65 | USA / America | 56,182 | 0.8 | 1.2 | - | ICD-9 | Colorectal Cancer | 5 | ||||
| Choi and McDougall-1, 2007 [77] | 76.2 | USA / America | 81 | 4.6 | - | - | GDS | Hospitalization | 6 | ||||
| Choi and McDougall-2, 2007 [77] | 76.2 | USA / America | 130 | 1.96 | - | - | GDS | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Bloch, 2014 [78] | ˃ 75 | France/Europe | 52 | - | 30.5 | - | GAD | After the fall | 7 | ||||
| Gonçalves, 2011 [79] | 68±8 | Australia / Australia | 3035 | - | 2.76 | - | GAD | General Population | 5 | ||||
| Forlani, 2014 [80] | 83.7±6.2 | Italy / Europe | 366 | 25.2 | 21.04 | - | CAMDEXR | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Taha and Rahman, 2006 [81] | 65.0±4.5 | Egypt / Africa | 332 | 57.1 | 34.1 | - | HAMA | Geriatric Homes | 6 | ||||
| Kvaal, 2001 [33] | ˃ 70 | Norway / Europe | 40 | - | 41 | - | STAI | Hospitalization | 5 | ||||
| Arbus, 2014 [82] | 73.8±8.5 | France / Europe | 3651 | - | - | 3.7 | DSM-IV | General Population | 6 | ||||
| Bunce, 2012 [83] | 66.61±5.638 | Brazil / America | 120 | 15.38 | 8.33 | - | GDS | General Population | 7 | ||||
| Silveira and Portuguez, 2017 [84] | ˃ 60 | USA / America | 397 | 16.6 | 4.5 | - | GAD- 7 | General Population | 7 | ||||
DASS- 21: Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale 21
GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale-15
GMS-B3: Geriatric Mental State Schedule
HARS: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
SPST-20: Suan Prung Stress Test 20
GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale
GAD: Geriatric Anxiety Scale
GMS: Geriatric Mental State
SDS: self-rating depression scale
CAS: Coronavirus Anxiety Scale
SAS: self-rating anxiety scale
CIDI: Composite International Diagnostic Interview
HAM-D: Hamilton depression rating
HAM-A: Hamilton anxiety rating scale
CAMDEXR: Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination-Revised