Table 3.
Subgroup analysis to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress by continent and study population
| Type of disorder | Subgroups | Number Studies | Prevalence % | P-value | P-value between | I2 | Tau | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | Continent | Africa | 3 | 55.1 (95% CI: 47.7–62.3) | 0.176 | 0.000 | 85.80 | 0.244 |
| America | 12 | 0.08 (95% CI: 3.7–16.6) | 0.000 | 99.63 | 1.438 | |||
| Asia | 20 | 28.3 (95% CI: 21.7–36.0) | 0.000 | 98.16 | 0.792 | |||
| Australia | 1 | 27.8 (95% CI: 21.3–35.5) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||
| Europe | 6 | 12.3 (95% CI: 4.1–31.5) | 0.001 | 99.82 | 1.485 | |||
| Population | COVID-19 | 4 | 20.9 (95% CI: 7.0–48.3) | 0.039 | 0.000 | 98.81 | 1.280 | |
| General Population | 31 | 19.6 (95% CI: 13.0–28.6) | 0.000 | 99.68 | 1.394 | |||
| Geriatric Homes | 2 | 60.7 (95% CI: 51.4–69.3) | 0.024 | 56.67 | 0.214 | |||
| Hospitalization | 3 | 15.1 (95% CI: 9.2–24.0) | 0.000 | 76.40 | 0.421 | |||
| Anxiety | Continent | Africa | 3 | 29.5 (95% CI: 19.4–42.1) | 0.002 | 0.000 | 95.31 | 0.477 |
| America | 10 | 7.4 (95% CI: 3.5–15.3) | 0.000 | 99.72 | 1.290 | |||
| Asia | 22 | 26.3 (95% CI: 16.7–39.0) | 0.001 | 99.52 | 1.378 | |||
| Australia | 2 | 3.8 (95% CI: 1.8–7.9) | 0.000 | 79.65 | 0.505 | |||
| Europe | 9 | 11.9 (95% CI: 6.6–20.7) | 0.000 | 99.44 | 0.989 | |||
| Population | COVID-19 | 5 | 30.8 (95% CI: 19.8–44.5) | 0.760 | 0.000 | 99.43 | 1.563 | |
| General Population | 35 | 44.6 (95% CI: 16.8–76.3) | 0.000 | 99.65 | 1.233 | |||
| Hospitalization | 2 | 17.2 (95% CI: 2.2–66.3) | 0.171 | 97.68 | 1.602 | |||
| Stress | Population | COVID-19 | 4 | 18.2 (95% CI: 9.0–84.7) | 0.360 | 0.651 | 99.69 | 3.273 |
| General Population | 9 | 9.3 (95% CI: 4.1–20.0) | 0.000 | 98.78 | 1.308 | |||