Opportunities and needs for pangenome research. (a) Density of SVs (≥50 bp) across T2T-CHM13. The variants are sourced from the HPRC-MC VCF file (93). Colored bands indicate genomic annotations for T2T-CHM13. (b) Growth of common and individual-specific sequences within the 910 individuals of the African pangenome population (130), where common sequences are defined as sequences present in at least two samples included in the pangenome. The orange line represents the average sizes of the common sequences in a certain number of individuals after randomly sampling 1,000 times. The blue line represents the average sizes of individual-specific sequences from the same samples. (c) Overview of pangenome efforts. Abbreviations: HPRC, Human Pangenome Reference Consortium; MC, Minigraph-Cactus; SV, structural variant; T2T, telomere-to-telomere; VCF, Variant Call Format. Pangenome construction illustration adapted from Reference 105 (CC BY 4.0); right-hand outreach and education illustration provided by Darryl Leja/National Human Genome Research Institute (public domain).