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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Oct 4.
Published in final edited form as: Reprod Toxicol. 2020 Nov 14;99:109–130. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.10.014

Figure 3. Ontogeny of Hox-mediated axial patterning and its regulation by retinoid signaling.

Figure 3.

Hox-patterning is decoded during somitogenesis in spatial and temporal waves of transcription to determine relative positions in the vertebral column at which the paralogs are expressed during development [from (Luo, Rhie et al. 2019). Emergence of the somitic column is depicted from PSM based on the ‘posterior dominance’ model [redrawn from (Iimura and Pourquie 2007). Somite colors reflect chromosomally linked Hox genes (simple representation of only 3 genes) in temporal colinear expression. Newly formed somites are morphologically similar across the trunk but are fixed with regards to future vertebral identity. Normal patterning (left) and phenotype with Hox gene inactivation (right) and potential consequences of ATRA excess imposed during late gastrulation (GD 7.3 mouse) and ATRA deficiency.