Table 5.
Selected output from final models for patient health outcomes across 924 practices. Age and some other patient characteristics omitted – full regression outputs in primary outcomes paper, Supplementary file 2
|
Variable (Reference values) |
Polypharmacy Age 65 + N = 399,227 R2 = 0.364 |
Glucose control testing in diabetes N = 133,985 R2 = 0.1366 |
6 month immunisations N = 26,859 R2 = 0.0795 |
Child ASH admissions N = 511,845 R2 not applicable |
Adult ASH admissions N = 655,088 R2 not applicable |
ED attendances N = 2,500,000 R2 not applicable |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall average | 38.2% | 86.9% | 75.6% | 31 per 1000 children |
38 per 1000 adults |
254 per 1000 patients |
| Practice models | ||||||
| Corporate (Traditional) | 37.5% (38.3%) | 86.3% (87.0%) | 74.3% (75.7%) | -9.3% | 20.9% *** | 1.4% |
| PHO/DHB (Traditional) | 35.5% (38.3%) | 86.5% (86.9%) | 74.9% (75.6%) | -14.5% | 10.0% | 10.3% |
| Trust/NGO (Traditional) | 38.1% (38.2%) | 88.4% (86.7%) | 79.3% (75.2%) | 38.3% ** | 31.5% *** | 15.4% ** |
| HCH Practice (All others) | 38.7% (38.1%) | 86.2% (87.1%) | 78.5% (74.8%) *** | 5.6% | -5.4% | -11.2% *** |
| Māori Practice (All others) | 34.7% (38.0%) * | 82.9% (87.0%) ** | 61.8% (76.4%) *** | -0.4% | 5.9% | 9.6% |
| Pacific Practice (All others) | 36.9% (38.2%) | 83.6% (87.0%) | 66.5% (75.7%) * | -8.5% | -12.1% | -15.1% * |
| Patient characteristics | ||||||
| Māori (Not Māori) | 37.8% (38.2%) | 85.5% (87.1%) *** | 68.4% (77.0%) *** | 28.1% *** | 27.4% *** | 20.8% *** |
| Pacific (Not Pacific) | 34.2% (38.3%) *** | 85.5% (87.1%) *** | 76.1% (75.6) * | 40.2% *** | 28.0% *** | 19.5% *** |
| Quintile 5 (Not Q5) | 86.3% (87.1%) *** | |||||
|
IMD (25th, 50th, 75th centiles) (ASH&ED ref: average IMD) |
36.0% *** 38.5% 41.0% |
78.1% *** 76.1% 73.9% |
-11.2% *** 0.5% 13.1% |
-10.5% *** 0.5% 11.4% |
-8.2% *** 0.0% 8.9% |
|
|
M3 (25th, 50th, 75th centiles) (ASH&ED ref: M3 = 0) |
34.9% *** 38.0% 44.1% |
88.3% *** 87.6% 86.3% |
19.3% *** 64.8% 256.6% |
20.4% *** 49.2% 118.6% |
13.8% *** 32.8% 77.5% |
|
| Continuity of practice (No continuity) | -24.3% *** | -18.9% *** | -20.2% *** | |||
|
Distance to Nearest ED (1, 20, 100 km) (ASH&ED ref: average distance) |
76.8% *** 74.9% 66.0% |
3.2% -1.3% -18.1% |
6.1% *** -3.0% -33.4% |
|||
|
First Specialist Assessment (FSA 1, 2, 3) (ASH&ED ref: FSA = 0) |
39.8% *** 42.1% 44.3% |
87.8% *** 88.9% 90.0% |
45.9% *** 112.9% 210.7% |
45.1% *** 110.5% 205.5% |
46.1% *** 113.6% 212.2% |
|
|
First Specialist Assessment Did Not Attend (FSA DNA 1, 2, 3) (ASH&ED ref: FSA DNA = 0) |
67.9% *** 58.9% 49.2% |
15.5% ** 33.4% 54.2% |
50.9% *** 127.6% 243.3% |
50.7% *** 127.2% 242.5% |
||
| Practice characteristics | ||||||
| VLCA (not VLCA) | 86.2% (87.3%) * | 74.1% (76.3%) * | ||||
| Urban (Rural) | 38.1% (38.9%) | 86.7% (87.8%) * | 75.9% (73.6%) | -3.4% | -0.3% | |
|
Continuity of GP (25th, 50th, 75th centiles) (ASH&ED ref: Continuity = 0) |
-6.6% *** -8.6% -12.7% |
|||||
| Primary care clinician input | ||||||
|
GP + NP consultations (Consultations 1, 2, 3) (ASH&ED ref: Consultations = 0) |
25.4% *** 28.3% 34.6% |
81.8% *** 83.1% 85.3% |
73.8% *** 74.3% 75.2% |
8.7% *** 18.2% 39.8% |
8.1% *** 16.9% 36.7% |
7.5% *** 15.5% 33.3% |
|
RN hours (Hours 1, 2, 4) (ASH&ED ref: average hours) |
86.0% *** 86.2% 86.6% |
74.1% *** 74.3% 75.1% |
||||
|
GP hours (Hours 1, 2, 4) (ASH&ED ref: average hours) |
74.8% *** 75.3% 75.4% |
0.4% 0.0% 0.0% |
||||
| Interactions | ||||||
| GP + NP Consultations X Corporate |
4.1% *** (3.5%) |
1.0% (1.0%) |
0.2% (0.5%) |
10.8% ** (8.7%) |
6.2% *** (8.1%) |
7.6% (7.5%) |
| GP + NP Consultations X PHO/DHB |
4.7% *** (3.5%) |
1.1% (1.0%) |
0.4% (0.5%) |
8.7% (8.7%) |
11.0% * (8.1%) |
8.5% * (7.5%) |
| GP + NP Consultations X Trust/NGO |
4.1% *** (3.5%) |
0.9% (1.0%) |
0.1% (0.5%) |
9.5% (8.7%) |
6.5% ** (8.1%) |
7.3% (7.5%) |
| RN hours X Corporate |
0.3% * (1.1%) |
0.2% (1.9%) |
||||
| RN hours X PHO/DHB |
1.1% (1.1%) |
0.7% (1.9%) |
||||
| RN hours X Trust/NGO |
1.1% (1.1%) |
- 0.5% * (1.9%) |
||||
| GP hours X Corporate |
0.1% (0.8%) |
5.5% * (0.6%) |
||||
| GP hours X PHO/DHB |
0.3% (0.8%) |
4.2% (0.6%) |
||||
| GP hours X Trust/NGO |
0.8% (0.8%) |
4.4% (0.6%) |
||||
Polypharmacy, glucose control testing and immunisation results are logistic regressions
For binary variables, results are % of patients with that outcome, i.e. if variable = 1 (the result if variable = 0 is given in brackets)
For continuous variables, results are % of patients with that outcome, at specified value of variable, e.g. 25th, 50th, 75th centile, or 1, 2, 4 h
ASH and ED results are negative binomial regressions
For binary variables, results are % change from the reference value i.e. result if variable = 1 compared to value if variable = 0
For continuous variables, results are % change, at stated values, relative to the stated reference value; e.g. at GP hours 1, 2 or 4 compared to average hours)
Traditional practice is used as a reference for Corporate, PHO/Trust and Trust/NGO practice models including in Interactions
The value for Traditional practice is given in brackets. This value can vary slightly as the R margin command does not implement MEM (Marginal Effect at the Mean). We coded our own version of MEM but it is an approximation and there is some variability
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01
***p < 0.001