Table 2.
Protective mechanisms of SPMs against septic kidney injury.
| SPMs | Model | concentration/dose and application | Mechanisms of intervention | Effect/outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LXA4 | CLP | 100 µg/kg LXA4 pre-injected intravenously | NF-κB | Phosphorylation p65↓, IL-6, TNF-a and HMGB1↓ | (42) |
| P53/p21 senescence pathway | Tubular Epithelial Cell Senescence↓, p53 and p21↓ | ||||
| RVD1 | LPS intraperitoneal injection | RvD1 5 μg/kg injected intraperitoneally | NF-κB | Phosphorylation p65↓ | (40) |
| Apoptosis | Caspase-3 activity↓, renal cell apoptosis↓ | ||||
| AT-RVD1 | LPS intraperitoneal injection | AT-RvD1 (1μg/mouse ) intraperitoneally | Inflammatory response | Neutrophil infiltration↓, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1↓, IL-6↓, p65, STAT3 and ERK phosphorylation↓ | (38) |
| Intercellular junction | Claudin-4↑, disruption of barrier function↓ | ||||
| Intraperitoneal injection of BSA 15 days after CLP (subclinical acute kidney injury animal model) | 5 μg/kg ATRvD1, i.v | Inflammatory response | Iba1+ cells↓, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10↓ | (43) | |
| Fibrotic progression | Collagen deposition and TGFβ↓, MMP-3 and MMP-9↓ | ||||
| Apoptosis | Cleaved caspase-3 in renal tissue↓ | ||||
| MaR1 | CLP | MaR1 1 ng injected via the tail vein (34) a low dose (0.5 ng) or high dose (1 ng) of MaR1 injected via the tail vein (39) |
Cytokines | IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6↓, IL-10↑ | (39) |
| NF-κB/MAPK/STAT3 | Phosphorylation of p65, JNK, ERK, p38, and STAT3↓ | ||||
| Bacterial burden | Blood and abdominal bacterial load↓ | ||||
| LPS intraperitoneal injection | MaR1 (5 μg/kg) intraperitoneally | NOX4/ROS/NF-κB pathway | NOX4↓, ROS↓, activation of the NF-κB p65↓ | (41) | |
| MCTR1 | CLP | MCTR1 (200 ng/mouse, iv), qd or bid | Antioxidant stress | Expression of Nrf2↑ | (14) |
| Ferroptosis | GPX4↑, PTGS2↓, MDA, non-heme iron and heme-iron↓, GSH ↑ |
bovine serum albumin (BSA); ionized calcium-binding adoptermolecule 1 (Iba1+); glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4); prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2); The once-daily administration mode (qd); The twice-daily administration mode (bid); mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK); nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB); ↑ represents an increase in level; ↓ represents a decrease in level.