Table 3.
Protective mechanisms of SPMs against septic liver injury.
| SPMs | Model | concentration/dose and application | Mechanisms of intervention | Effect/outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LXA4 | LPS intraperitoneal injection | LXA4 10μg/kg injected intraperitoneally | TLR4 signaling pathway | IL-6 and TNF-α↓, expression of TLR4 and TRAF6↓ | (45) |
| RVD1 | LPS/d-GalN mouse model | RvD1 (0.1 or 1 μg) injected intraperitoneally | Inflammatory cells/cytokines | Neutrophil population↓, HMGB1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and MCP-1↓ | (44) |
| Apoptosis | Tunel hepatocytes↓ | ||||
| MaR1 | CLP | 1 ng of MaR1 injected via the tail vein (34) 100 ng/mouse of MaR1 intraperitoneally (48) |
Inflammatory response | NF-κB activation↓, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6↓ | (34) (48) |
| LPS/D-GalN mouse model | MaR1 (100ng, i.v.) | Lipid Peroxidation | GSH and GSH/GSSG↑, ROS↓ | (47) | |
| Ferroptosis | Nrf2, HO-1 and GPX4↑, ferroptosis-induced liver injury↓ | ||||
| MaR1 (50 and 100 ng) by tail vein injection | Inflammatory response | MAPK/NF-κB activation↓, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6↓ | (46) | ||
| Pyroptosis | NLRP3 and p30-GSDMD↓ |
D-galactosamine (D-GalN); TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6); high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1); macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1; glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG); NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3); Gasdermin D (GSDMD); mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK); nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB); ↑ represents an increase in level; ↓ represents a decrease in level.