Table 4.
Protective mechanisms of SPMs against septic heart injury.
| SPMs | Model | concentration/dose and application | Mechanisms of intervention | Effect/outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RVD1 | LPS intraperitoneal injection | RvD1 (5 ug/kg) injected intraperitoneally | Cardiac function | Left ventricular diameter↓, left ventricular contractility↑, CK-MB↓, LDH↓ | (52) |
| Myocardial Apoptosis | Bax↓, caspase 3↓, Bcl-2↑ | ||||
| Inflammatory response | IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, MCP-1↓, infiltration of neutrophils and M1 macrophages↓ | ||||
| MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways | Phosphorylation of P38, JNK, ERK and p65↓ | ||||
| RVE1 | LPS intraperitoneal injection | pretreated i.p. with RvE1 (25 μg/kg) | Inflammatory cells/cytokines | Infiltration of CD68+ macrophages and Ly6G+ neutrophils↓, promote macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1↓ | (53) |
| Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase | COX-1 and 5-LOX↑, 15-LOX↓ | ||||
| Myocardial Apoptosis | Bax and caspase 3↓, Bcl-2↑ | ||||
| CLP | RvE1 (1 μg/mouse i.v.) | Cardiac Akt Phosphorylation | Phosphorylation of Akt↑ | (54) | |
| Bacterial Clearance | Peritoneal bacterial load↓, MHCII- macrophage↑, BMDMs phagocytosis of E.coli ↑ | ||||
| LPS intraperitoneal injection/CLP | pretreated i.p. with RvE1 (25 μg/kg) (53) RvE1 (1 μg/mouse i.v.) (54) |
Cardiac function | LVEF and LVFS↑, LVEDD, LVESD, CK-MB and LDH↓, fractional area change↑ | (53) (54) | |
| MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways | Phosphorylation of P38, JNK, ERK and p65↓ | ||||
| MaR1 | LPS intraperitoneal injection | 100 ng of MaR1 injected intraperitoneally | Cardiac function | LVEF and LVFS↑, CK-MB and LDH↓ | (60) |
| Inflammatory cells/response | M1 macrophage↓, M2 macrophage↑, phosphorylation of p65↓, proinflammatory cytokine↓ | ||||
| Oxidative stress | Nrf2 and HO-1 activation↑, SOD and GSH↑, MDA↓ | ||||
| Apoptosis | C-caspase3 and Bax↓, Bcl-2↑ | ||||
| MCTR1 | LPS intraperitoneal injection | MCTR1 0.15 nmol /mouse or 0.3 nmol /mouse i.v. via caudal vein | Mitochondrial mass/function/biogenesis | COX 1 and VDAC-1↑, content of ATP and complex I-IV activity↑, Sirt1, PGC1α, NRF-1, NRF-2 and TFAM↑ | (61) |
| Neutrophil Infiltration/chemokines | Ly6G expression and MPO activity↓, CXCL1 and G-CSF↓ | ||||
| Inflammatory cells/cytokines | γδ T↓, IL-17A↓ |
left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD); lV end-systolic diameter (LVESD); lV ejection fraction (LVEF); lV fractional shortening (LVFS); lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); creatine kinase myocardial bound (CK-MB); mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK); nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB); bone marrowderived macrophages (BMDMs); cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COX 1); voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC-1); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 α (PGC1α); chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 protein (CXCL1); granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF); interleukin-17A (IL-17A). ↑ represents an increase in level; ↓ represents a decrease in level.