Table 3.
Comparison of Psychological and Clinical Characteristics for Persistent Post-Traumatic Headache Subgroups Identified from Biologic Features
| Low Coping (N=20) |
High Coping (N=13) |
P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological Characteristics | |||
| PROMIS Depression (T-score) | 56.9 (7.3) | 54.2 (9.1) | 0.364 |
| PROMIS Anxiety (T-score) | 61.3 (5.7) | 58.2 (5.4) | 0.125 |
| Combat Exposure Scale (0–41 points)* | 18.0 (21.8) | 12.0 (18.5) | 0.650 |
| PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (0–80 points) | 39.6 (16.4) | 30.0 (10.7) | 0.073 |
| Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (0–100 points)* | 40.5 (32.3) | 14.0 (29.0) | 0.009 |
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale (0–52 points)* | 18.0 (12.0) | 8.0 (12.0) | 0.004 |
| Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (0–60 points) | 32.2 (9.4) | 44.1 (15.6) | 0.010 |
|
| |||
| Clinical Characteristics | |||
| Headache Impact Test-6 (36–78 points) | 63.2 (4.4) | 56.1 (8.4) | 0.012 |
| Headache Type | |||
| Migraine-like | 4 (20) | 1 (7) | 0.327 |
| TTH-like | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | |
| Mixed | 16 (80) | 11 (86) | |
| PROMIS Pain Intensity – Headache (T-score) | 59.9 (6.8) | 56.6 (7.3) | 0.186 |
| Headache frequency | |||
| Once a month or less | 0 (0) | 2 (15) | 0.428 |
| Once a week | 6 (30) | 3 (23) | |
| Several times a week | 11 (55) | 6 (47) | |
| Daily or Constant | 3 (15) | 2 (15) | |
| PROMIS Pain Intensity – Neck Pain (T-score) | 59.3 (10.3) | 58.6 (5.7) | 0.837 |
| Neck pain frequency | |||
| Once a month or less | 4 (20) | 1 (8) | 0.320 |
| Once a week | 5 (25) | 1 (8) | |
| Several times a week | 2 (10) | 4 (31) | |
| Daily or Constant | 9 (45) | 7 (53) | |
Values are number (%) or mean (SD) unless otherwise noted as *median (IQR)
PROMIS=Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System; PTSD=Post-traumatic stress disorder; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, TTH=Tension Type Headache