Table 3.

Summary of treatment effect estimates in simulation scenario I, where intermediate treatment status is first generated as a binary variable and then timing of treatment initiation is simulated

True Treatment Effect ${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\mathbf{t}}$	Models	Mean	SD	SE	MSE
−0.5	Time-dependent treatment
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.494	0.148	0.142	0.022
	Propensity score adjustment	−0.493	0.148	0.142	0.022
	Sequential propensity score matching	−0.469	0.203	0.189	0.042
	Immortal time period mislabeled
	Multivariable adjustment	−1.316	0.142	0.141	0.685
	Propensity score weighting	−1.104	0.152	0.107	0.388
	Propensity score matching	−1.287	0.133	0.150	0.636
	Immortal time period excluded
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.913	0.144	0.140	0.191
	Propensity score weighting	−0.712	0.159	0.106	0.070
	Propensity score matching	−0.883	0.136	0.148	0.165
−0.2	Time-dependent treatment
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.188	0.131	0.130	0.017
	Propensity score adjustment	−0.188	0.131	0.130	0.017
	Sequential propensity score matching	−0.162	0.183	0.177	0.035
	Immortal time period mislabeled
	Multivariable adjustment	−1.021	0.125	0.129	0.690
	Propensity score weighting	−0.824	0.136	0.097	0.408
	Propensity score matching	−1.006	0.123	0.137	0.665
	Immortal time period excluded
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.600	0.126	0.128	0.176
	Propensity score weighting	−0.416	0.141	0.097	0.066
	Propensity score matching	−0.582	0.123	0.136	0.161
0.0	Time-dependent treatment
	Multivariable adjustment	0.011	0.125	0.123	0.016
	Propensity score adjustment	0.011	0.125	0.123	0.016
	Sequential propensity score matching	0.038	0.173	0.171	0.031
	Immortal time period mislabeled
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.832	0.119	0.123	0.706
	Propensity score weighting	−0.642	0.124	0.092	0.428
	Propensity score matching	−0.826	0.117	0.131	0.696
	Immortal time period excluded
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.397	0.120	0.122	0.172
	Propensity score weighting	−0.221	0.129	0.092	0.066
	Propensity score matching	−0.389	0.118	0.130	0.165
0.2	Time-dependent treatment
	Multivariable adjustment	0.209	0.117	0.118	0.014
	Propensity score adjustment	0.209	0.117	0.118	0.014
	Sequential propensity score matching	0.236	0.169	0.165	0.030
	Immortal time period mislabeled
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.645	0.114	0.117	0.727
	Propensity score weighting	−0.460	0.113	0.088	0.448
	Propensity score matching	−0.648	0.115	0.125	0.733
	Immortal time period excluded
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.196	0.114	0.116	0.169
	Propensity score weighting	−0.025	0.119	0.087	0.065
	Propensity score matching	−0.196	0.113	0.124	0.170

Definition of abbreviations: MSE = mean squared error; SD = standard deviation; SE = standard error.