Table 4.

Summary of treatment effect estimates in simulation scenario II, where all patients have a potential treatment initiation time

True Treatment Effect ${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\mathbf{t}}$	Models	Mean	SD	SE	MSE
−0.5	Time-dependent treatment
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.510	0.135	0.144	0.018
	Propensity score adjustment	−0.508	0.134	0.144	0.018
	Sequential propensity score matching	−0.502	0.177	0.185	0.031
	Immortal time period mislabeled
	Multivariable adjustment	−1.315	0.122	0.139	0.679
	Propensity score weighting	−1.340	0.120	0.110	0.720
	Propensity score matching	−1.341	0.151	0.157	0.730
	Immortal time period excluded
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.733	0.127	0.138	0.070
	Propensity score weighting	−0.724	0.127	0.109	0.066
	Propensity score matching	−0.725	0.150	0.156	0.073
−0.2	Time-dependent treatment
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.196	0.120	0.129	0.014
	Propensity score adjustment	−0.195	0.119	0.129	0.014
	Sequential propensity score matching	−0.187	0.169	0.171	0.029
	Immortal time period mislabeled
	Multivariable adjustment	−1.022	0.106	0.123	0.687
	Propensity score weighting	−1.051	0.106	0.101	0.736
	Propensity score matching	−1.052	0.140	0.143	0.745
	Immortal time period excluded
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.419	0.111	0.123	0.060
	Propensity score weighting	−0.412	0.112	0.100	0.057
	Propensity score matching	−0.413	0.138	0.142	0.064
0.0	Time-dependent treatment
	Multivariable adjustment	0.004	0.123	0.121	0.015
	Propensity score adjustment	0.004	0.122	0.121	0.015
	Sequential propensity score matching	0.009	0.174	0.165	0.030
	Immortal time period mislabeled
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.839	0.109	0.115	0.715
	Propensity score weighting	−0.869	0.109	0.095	0.767
	Propensity score matching	−0.869	0.140	0.136	0.775
	Immortal time period excluded
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.220	0.116	0.114	0.062
	Propensity score weighting	−0.213	0.118	0.095	0.059
	Propensity score matching	−0.214	0.139	0.135	0.065
0.2	Time-dependent treatment
	Multivariable adjustment	0.203	0.116	0.113	0.013
	Propensity score adjustment	0.204	0.115	0.113	0.013
	Sequential propensity score matching	0.205	0.169	0.159	0.028
	Immortal time period mislabeled
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.659	0.103	0.108	0.748
	Propensity score weighting	−0.690	0.103	0.091	0.802
	Propensity score matching	−0.690	0.136	0.130	0.811
	Immortal time period excluded
	Multivariable adjustment	−0.023	0.110	0.107	0.062
	Propensity score weighting	−0.017	0.112	0.091	0.060
	Propensity score matching	−0.018	0.133	0.129	0.065

Definition of abbreviations: MSE = mean squared error; SD = standard deviation; SE = standard error.