Table 2.

Characterization of articles included in the scoping review of ENDS use guided by the NIMHD research framework

Characteristic or factor	N = 98	Percent
Study type
Observational	93	94.9%
Randomized control trial	5	5.1%
Populations examined in studies
People from racially and ethnically diverse groups	39	39.8%
People from lower socioeconomic positions	23	23.5%
People with physical illnesses	17	17.3%
People with lower educational attainment	12	12.2%
People with substance use disorder(s)	10	10.2%
People with mental health conditions	9	9.2%
Sexual/gender minoritized populations	6	6.1%
Urban populations	5	5.1%
Focus on women of reproductive age	3	3.1%
Rural populations	3	3.1%
US military or veterans	3	3.1%
Geographic distribution of studies in the US
National	68	69.4%
Local or state	30	30.6%
HHS Region 1 (CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT)	2	2.0%
HHS Region 2 (NJ, NY, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands)	1	0.1%
HHS Region 3 (DE, DC, MD, PA, VA, WV)	0	0.0%
HHS Region 4 (AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN)	2	2.0%
HHS Region 5 (IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI)	5	5.1%
HHS Region 6 (AR, LA, NM, OK, TX)	5	5.1%
HHS Region 7 (IO, KS, MO, NE)	0	0.0%
HHS Region 8 (CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY)	0	0.0%
HHS Region 9 (AZ, CA, HA, NV, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Palau)	4	4.1%
HHS Region 10 (AK, ID, OR, WA)	2	2.0%
More than one HHS region	9	9.2%
NIMHD framework domain of influence examined
Biological	9	9.2%
Behavioral	84	85.7%
Physical/built environment	12	12.2%
Sociocultural environment	72	73.5%
Health systems	18	18.4%
Health equity level of influence examined
Individual	95	96.9%
Interpersonal	12	12.2%
Community	20	20.4%
Societal	20	20.4%

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has defined regions to facilitate and maintain partnerships with state, local, and tribal leaders