Table 3. Pooled frequency of parasites in vegetables according to Random Effects Model of meta-analysis of 117 studies from 2001 to 2021.
| Parameter | n | Pooled frequency | CI (0.95) | Heterogeneity (I2) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POOLED FREQUENCY | 391291 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 99% | <0.01 |
| COUNTRY | ||||||
| Iran | 76419 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 99% | <0.01 |
| Brazil | 19158 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 95% | <0.01 |
| Iraq | 205115 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 100% | <0.01 |
| Saudi Arabia | 6989 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 99% | <0.01 |
| Nigeria | 16432 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 99% | <0.01 |
| Libya | 630 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.33 | not applied | not calculated |
| Turkey | 1550 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.52 | 98% | <0.01 |
| Syria | 1444 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 80% | 0.02 |
| Ethiopia | 9796 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 97% | <0.01 |
| United Arab Emirates | 574 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | not applied | not calculated |
| Spain | 76 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.70 | not applied | not calculated |
| Cambodia | 144 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.31 | not applied | not calculated |
| Nepal | 1013 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | not applied | not calculated |
| India | 1312 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.43 | 99% | <0.01 |
| Morocco | 304 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.15 | not applied | not calculated |
| Portugal and Spain | 700 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | not applied | not calculated |
| Thailand | 2340 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 100% | <0.01 |
| Venezuela | 1062 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | not applied | not calculated |
| Egypt | 4791 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 98% | <0.01 |
| Palestine | 600 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.12 | not applied | not calculated |
| Canada | 5145 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.10 | 98% | <0.01 |
| Philippines | 1274 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0% | 0.52 |
| Greece | 144 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.06 | not applied | not calculated |
| Poland | 1102 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 83% | <0.01 |
| European countries | 1692 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | not applied | not calculated |
| Pakistan | 13906 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 99% | <0.01 |
| Korea | 832 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 70% | 0.07 |
| Ghana | 1440 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.19 | not applied | not calculated |
| China | 4297 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.22 | 99% | <0.01 |
| Costa Rica | 500 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | not applied | not calculated |
| Sudan | 1554 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | not applied | not calculated |
| Cuba | 200 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | not applied | not calculated |
| Norway | 1188 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | not applied | not calculated |
| Vietnam | 1963 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 64% | 0.06 |
| Eritrean | 56 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.41 | not applied | not calculated |
| Italy | 3888 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | not applied | not calculated |
| Czech Republic | 1246 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | not applied | not calculated |
| Jordan | 415 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.44 | ||
| among groups | <0.01 | |||||
| HDI | ||||||
| Low: 1 | 27838 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 98% | <0.01 |
| Medium: 2 | 224678 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 100% | <0.01 |
| High: 3 | 112929 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 99% | <0.01 |
| Very high: 4 | 25846 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 98% | <0.01 |
| among groups | 0.45 | |||||
| SAMPLE ORIGIN | ||||||
| Vegetable garden | 10318 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 98% | <0.01 |
| Market and garden | 41134 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 97% | <0.01 |
| Market | 284640 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 100% | <0.01 |
| Street fair | 2450 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 94% | <0.01 |
| Multiple locals | 31930 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 99% | <0.01 |
| Not informed | 144 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.05 | not applied | not calculated |
| Forest and garden | 78 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.29 | not applied | not calculated |
| Market and street fair | 19802 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 100% | <0.01 |
| Street fair and garden | 480 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 54% | 0.14 |
| Restaurants | 315 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0% | 0.72 |
| among groups | <0.01 | |||||
"n": Number of events, "CI" Confidence interval, "HDI": Human Development Index.