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. 2024 Oct 4;10:87. doi: 10.1038/s41523-024-00693-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic diagram of the study. Resected breasts from prophylactic mastectomy of BRCA1/2 carriers and curative mastectomy of patients with breast cancer are subjected to pathological and genomic analysis. Multisampling from breast tissue samples was performed to evaluate the molecular profiling of the tumor and to identify and assess clonal expansion of normal tissue. b Study profile. A total of 24 patients with breast cancer and 5 with BRCA1/2 mutations participated in the study. IpM ipsilateral mastectomy, BM bilateral mastectomy, BRRM bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy, CRRM contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy.