Table 2. Characteristics of first, second, and third generation of LVADs.

LVADs: Left ventricular assist devices

LVADs	Technology	Advantages	Disadvantages
First generation [18]	Pulsatile flow	Mimics natural heart function and immediate support.	Large size, high infection rate, mechanical failures, and limited durability.
Second generation [21]	Continuous flow with axial pumps	Smaller, lower infection rates, improved survival, better symptom management - Better management of severe heart failure symptoms	GI bleeding, thrombosis, and infection risk from external power.
Third generation [22]	Continuous-flow technology with centrifugal flow pumps	Longer durability, easier placement, lower stroke risk, and better quality of life.	Complex, expensive, requiring specialized training, and external power dependence.