Table 3.
Characteristics of included CPRIC cases described in detail.
| Author (year) | Country | Patients | Location | Compression device | Signs of CPRIC | Treatment of CPRIC | Patient outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Sex | |||||||
| Al Atbi et al., (2022) | Oman | 49 | Male | Emergency room | — | (1) Verbalizing (2) Moving: pulling the hands away from his chest, kicking foot |
(1) Midazolam 0.1 mg/kg (2) Succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg |
Dead |
|
| ||||||||
| Asghar et al., (2020) | Pakistan | 62 | Male | ICU | — | (1) Eyes remained open (2) Obeyed simple commands (e.g., to open his mouth) |
— | Dead |
|
| ||||||||
| Bihari and Rajajee, (2008) | India | 57 | Male | General medical ward | Manual | (1) Tracked the surrounding health care providers with eyes (2) Moving both his arms very purposefully (brisk localization); attempted to localize and resist chest compressions, to pull the laryngoscope away as chest compressions were in progress (3) One and a half hours after initiating chest compressions he remained conscious, opening eyes to call and moving both hands appropriately to command |
(1) Manually immobilized | Dead |
|
| ||||||||
| Chin et al., (2020) | China | 42 | Male | Ambulance | Manual | (1) Made noises and purposeful movements | — | ROSC |
|
| ||||||||
| Grandi et al., (2017) | Italy | 87 | Male | Emergency room | Manual | (1) Purposeful movements, attempt to grab forearms of CPR performer | (1) Physical restraint (2) Fentanyl |
ROSC |
| 80 | Male | Emergency room | Manual | (1) Purposeful movements, attempt to remove hands of CPR performer | (1) Physical restraint | ROSC | ||
| 82 | Male | Emergency room | Manual | (1) Open eyes (2) Scream (3) Attempt to remove hands of CPR performer |
(1) Physical restraint (2) Fentanyl |
Dead | ||
| 50 | Male | Emergency room | Mechanical | (1) Respiratory movements during compressions | — | Dead | ||
| 22 | Male | Emergency room | Manual | (1) Ocular movements (2) Incomprehensible sounds |
(1) Propofol (2) Rocuronium |
ROSC | ||
| 84 | Male | Emergency room | Manual | (1) Shout during administration of shock | (1) Propofol | ROSC | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Gray (2018) | Canada | 38 | Male | Emergency room | Manual | (1) Made purposeful movements to push CPR providers away (2) Verbalized with defibrillations |
(1) 4-point restraint | ROSC |
|
| ||||||||
| Lewinter et al., (1989) | US | 60 | Female | Emergency room | Mechanical | (1) Responsive | (1) Small doses of IV morphine sulfate (2) Small doses of diazepam |
Dead |
|
| ||||||||
| Morais et al., (2024) | Brazil | 59 | Male | Out-of-hospital | Manual | (1) Moving his upper limbs in an attempt to remove the bag-valve-mask device | — | ROSC |
|
| ||||||||
| Pinto et al., (2020) | Portugal | 89 | Male | Emergency room | — | (1) Presented lower limb movements, tried to push away the CPR provider with his hands, bit endotracheal tube, showed facial signs of pain, and tried to move sideways | — | Dead |
|
| ||||||||
| Pound et al., (2017) | Canada | 52 | Male | Out-of-hospital | Manual | (1) Eyes open (2) Moaning and yelling (3) Moving all limbs in what appeared to be purposeful movement to stop the resuscitation efforts (push away the CPR compressor); actively biting on the laryngoscope and swinging his arms toward his face during ongoing CPR |
(1) Midazolam 2 mg | ROSC |
|
| ||||||||
| Quinn et al., (1994) | Canada | 57 | Male | Emergency room | Mechanical | (1) Became agitated, violently moving his arms and legs; purposeful movement of hands (i.e., pulling at the ACD device and ventilation mask) | (1) Limb restraints (2) Midazolam 0.1 mg/kg (3) Succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg |
Dead |
|
| ||||||||
| Singh et al., (2020) | USA | 64 | Female | Hospital | — | (1) Demonstrated purposeful movements (2) Verbalized a desire to halt CPR |
— | Dead |
|
| ||||||||
| Sukumar (2019) | India | 52 | Male | Emergency room | Manual | (1) Had transient signs of consciousness such as opening eyes, agitation, and resisting the rescuer with his hands and head movements (2) No response to verbal commands |
— | ROSC |
|
| ||||||||
| Tobin and Mihm, (2009) | USA | 62 | Male | Hospital | Manual | (1) Slightly open eyes (2) Made inspiratory efforts, moved his head; reached for the endotracheal tube (3) After told that he was receiving life-sustaining chest compressions, the patient appeared to understand this and refrained from reaching for the endotracheal tube again. He was now able to wiggle his toes and give a “thumbs up” to command |
(1) Communicated with patients | Dead |
|
| ||||||||
| Wacht et al., (2015) | Israel | 57 | Male | Out-of-hospital | Manual—mechanical | (1) Moving his hands toward the compression device and grabbed it; had folded his hands and would not allow the paramedics to straighten them | — | ROSC |
|
| ||||||||
| Brede and Skjærseth, (2023) | Norway | 71 | Male | Ambulance | Manual | (1) Normalized breathing efforts at 12–15 breaths per minute (2) Eye opening without ROSC |
— | Dead |
|
| ||||||||
| Hoppenfeld et al., (2016) | USA | 50 | Male | PACU | — | (1) Remained conscious, demonstrating purposeful movements (2) Breathing spontaneously |
— | ROSC |
| 51 | Male | PACU | — | (1) Attempting to push the staff away | — | ROSC | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Ilyas et al., (2023) | India | 55 | Male | Emergency room | — | (1) After 40 minutes of resuscitation, when it seemed like all probability of resuscitation would fail, the patient started moving with the flexing and extending of both hands and legs with the opening of the eyes | (1) Restraining him with their hands (2) Midazolam 3 mg (3) Vecuronium 4 mg |
Dead |