Table 4.
Characteristics of other included studies.
| Author (year) | Country | Participants | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brede et al., (2024) | Norway | 115 physicians working at air ambulance, search-and-rescue base or physician-staffed rapid response car | (1) 88 heard of CPRIC prior to survey (2) 105 experienced CPRIC |
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| Gregory et al., (2021) | UK | 293 paramedics who were registered with the Health and Care Professions Council and working in the United Kingdom | (1) 167 had witnessed CPRIC; of those, over 56% had experienced it on at least two occasions (2) CPRIC was deemed to interfere with resuscitation in nearly 50% of first experiences but this fell to around 31% by the third experience (3) The most common reasons for CPRIC to interfere with resuscitation were patient resisting clinical interventions, increased rhythm and pulse checks, distress, confusion, and reluctance to perform CPR |
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| Mays et al., (2019) | UK | 293 paramedics who were registered with the Health and Care Professions Council and working in the United Kingdom | (1) Over 50% had heard of CPRIC (2) Over 40% became aware of CPRIC after having witnessed it in clinical practice |
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| Olaussen et al., (2016) | Australia | 100 experienced health care professionals, including doctors, nurses, and paramedics | (1) Most responders (59 of 67) to the question had experienced CPR-noninterfering consciousness and reported experiencing it a median of 3 (IQR: 1–5) times (2) CPR-interfering consciousness had been experienced by 51 of the 63 responders and was experienced overall 1 (IQR: 1–3) time (3) Management of these cases varied widely with ranging from no action to sedation and/or paralysis (4) A guideline describing the management of this presentation was considered necessary by 40 out of 57 (70%) responders |
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| Parnia et al., (2023) | USA | 567 in-hospital cardiac arrest patients | (1) 11 reported cardiac arrest memories/perceptions suggestive of consciousness; (2) Four categories of experiences emerged: ① emergence from coma during CPR (CPR-induced consciousness), ② in the postresuscitation period, ③ dream-like experiences, and ④ transcendent recalled experience of death |
| 126 community cardiac arrest survivors | (1) Reinforced the categories identified by study 1 and identified another: delusions | ||
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| Parnia et al., (2014) | USA, UK, Austria | (1) 140 cardiac arrest survivors-stage 1 interviews (2) 101 of 140 cardiac arrest survivors in stage -stage 2 interviews |
(1) 46% had memories with 7 major cognitive themes: fear, animals/plants, bright light, violence/persecution, deja-vu, family, recalling events post-CA (2) 9% had NDEs, while 2% described awareness with explicit recall of “seeing” and “hearing” actual events related to their resuscitation |
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| Versteeg et al., (2019) | Netherlands | 71 ANE, ED, ICU physicians | (1) 48% reported multiple experiences with CPRIC and >90% reported (detrimental) effects on treatment and team-members. While 52% reported personal discomfort, 7% reported sleeplessness, nightmares, and mood changes, extending up to weeks (2) all exposed reported frustration in remediation |
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| Debaty et al., (2018) | France | 437 patients treated with extracorporeal CPR | (1) Signs of life were observed in 261 (59%) patients, with 136 (31%) patients presenting gasping or respiratory movement, 155 (35%) a pupillary response, and 49 (11%) movements during CPR (2) Factors associated with favorable outcome were: signs of life during CPR (OR: 11.0), first recorded rhythm VF/VT (OR: 3.4), low-flow duration per min (OR: 0.99) |
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| Moore et al., (2018) | USA | 102 patients treated with extracorporeal CPR | (1) Improved color during CPR was seen in 23/102 (23%), pulse during CPR in 17/102 (17%), gasping in 18/102 (18%), and movement during CPR in 5/102 (5%) (2) The unadjusted OR for any sign of perfusion during CPR for a CPC score of 1 or 2 was 26 and for any sign of perfusion during CPR for ROSC was 9 |
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| Debaty et al., (2021) | France | 434 extracorporeal CPR recipients in 2010s | (1) The prevalence of any sign of life was 61%: pupillary light reaction (48%), gasping (32%), and increased level of consciousness (13%) (2) The adjusted odds ratios of 30-day survival with favorable neurological outcome were 7.35, 5.86, 4.79, and 1.75 for any sign of life, pupillary light reaction, increased level of consciousness, and gasping, respectively |
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| Doan et al., (2020) | Australia | 23011 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients from 2007 to 2018 | (1) 52 (0.23%) were CPRIC (2) Combativeness/agitation was the most common sign of CPRIC (34.6%) (3) CPRIC patients had numerically higher rates of return of spontaneous circulation on hospital arrival, discharge survival, and 30-day survival, than those without CPRIC; however, CPRIC was not found to be an independent predictor of survival |
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| Olaussen et al., (2017) | Australia | Adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients treated by emergency medical services (EMS) from 2008 to 2014 | (1) There were 112 (0.7%) cases of CPRIC among 16,558 EMS attempted resuscitations, increasing in frequency from 0.3% in 2008 to 0.9% in 2014 (2) Levels of consciousness consisted of spontaneous eye opening (20.5%), jaw tone (20.5%), speech (29.5%), and/or body movement (87.5%) (3) CPRIC was independently associated with an increased odds of survival to hospital discharge in unwitnessed/bystander witnessed events but not in EMS witnessed events (4) Forty-two (37.5%) patients with CPRIC received treatment with one or more of midazolam (35.7%), opiates (5.4%), or muscle relaxants (3.6%) (5) CPRIC in unwitnessed/bystander witnessed patients was associated with improved odds of survival to hospital discharge if medications were not given but did not influence survival if these medications were given |
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| Parnia et al., (2013) | USA, UK, Austria | 2060 cardiac arrest events, 152 survivors were interviewed | (1) Information on visual or auditory impressions during CA was available on 89% of interviewed subjects; of these, 37% responded that they had experienced visual and/or auditory impressions during their time of unconsciousness and CA (2) among those with auditory and/or visual impressions, 70% had a greyson score >0 and 30% had a greyson score ≥7, consistent with a conventionally defined “NDE” |
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| Talikowska et al., (2024) | Australia | 6803 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with EMS -attempted resuscitation from 2018.1 to 2023.12 | (1) Identified 42 CPRIC cases (0.62%) (2) CPRIC was classified as “interfering” with OHCA management (3) The most common CPRIC manifestations were “purposeful movement” (64%, n = 27) and “taking breaths” (55%, n = 23); (4) Intravenous ketamine was administered for CPRIC in 3 (7%) cases |