Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included participants according to sex
| Total | Males | Females | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 6863 | 3435 | 3428 | |
| Age, years | 58.64 ± 9.32 | 59.30 ± 9.07 | 57.97 ± 9.52 | < 0.001 |
| Residence, (%) | 0.637 | |||
| Urban | 1364 (19.94) | 675 (19.71) | 689 (20.17) | |
| Rural | 5476 (80.06) | 2749 (80.29) | 2727 (79.83) | |
| Marital status, (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Married and living with spouse | 5816 (84.74) | 3048 (88.73) | 2768 (80.75) | |
| Others | 1047 (15.26) | 387 (11.27) | 660 (19.25) | |
| Education level, (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Primary school or below | 4546 (66.24) | 1926 (56.07) | 2620 (76.43) | |
| Middle school | 1509 (21.99) | 943 (27.45) | 566 (16.51) | |
| High school or above | 808 (11.77) | 566 (16.48) | 242 (7.06) | |
| Drinking, (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Current drinking | 2336 (34.04) | 1950 (56.79) | 386 (11.26) | |
| Ever drinking | 532 (7.75) | 412 (12.00) | 120 (3.50) | |
| Never drinking | 3994 (58.20) | 1072 (31.22) | 2922 (85.24) | |
| Smoking, (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Current drinking | 2213 (32.34) | 2002 (58.57) | 211 (6.16) | |
| Ever drinking | 561 (8.20) | 505 (14.77) | 56 (1.64) | |
| Never drinking | 4069 (59.46) | 911 (26.65) | 3158 (92.20) | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 50.98 ± 15.30 | 50.61 ± 16.19 | 51.34 ± 14.37 | 0.091 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 116.03 ± 34.97 | 111.71 ± 34.05 | 120.21 ± 35.34 | < 0.001 |
| Creatine, mg/dL | 0.77 ± 0.18 | 0.87 ± 0.18 | 0.68 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2.43 ± 6.88 | 2.54 ± 7.82 | 2.32 ± 5.84 | 0.255 |
| Hypertension, (%) | 2666 (38.85) | 1292 (37.61) | 1374 (40.08) | 0.036 |
| Diabetes mellitus, (%) | 813 (11.86) | 384 (11.19) | 429 (12.53) | 0.087 |
| Depression, (%) | 1450 (21.13) | 568 (16.54) | 882 (25.73) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, (%) | 620 (9.07) | 267 (7.80) | 353 (10.34) | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary disease, (%) | 528 (7.71) | 328 (9.56) | 200 (5.85) | < 0.001 |
| Kidney disease, (%) | 277 (4.05) | 171 (5.00) | 106 (3.11) | < 0.001 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 32.99 ± 10.41 | 39.23 ± 9.13 | 26.73 ± 7.42 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 84.38 ± 12.13 | 84.23 ± 11.97 | 84.53 ± 12.28 | 0.3103 |
| Dynapenia and abdominal obesity | < 0.001 | |||
| ND/NAO | 3634 (52.95) | 2124 (61.83) | 1510 (44.05) | |
| ND/AO | 2550 (37.16) | 983 (28.62) | 1567 (45.71) | |
| D/NAO | 454 (6.62) | 267 (7.77) | 187 (5.46) | |
| D/AO | 225 (3.28) | 61 (1.78) | 164 (4.78) | |
| New-onset arthritis, (%) | 1272 (18.53) | 555 (16.16) | 717 (20.92) | < 0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables are expressed as numbers (percentages)
Abbreviations: ND/NAO, no dynapenia and no abdominal obesity; ND/AO, abdominal obesity alone; D/NAO, dynapenia alone; D/AO, dynapenia and abdominal obesit