Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of included males according to the dynapenia and abdominal obesity status
| ND/NAO | ND/AO | D/NAO | D/AO | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2124 (61.83) | 983 (28.62) | 267 (7.77) | 61 (1.78) | |
| Age, years | 58.71 ± 8.63 | 57.87 ± 8.71 | 67.64 ± 9.10 | 66.49 ± 7.98 | < 0.001 |
| Residence, (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 350 (16.54) | 277 (28.27) | 33 (12.36) | 15 (24.59) | |
| Rural | 1766 (83.46) | 703 (71.73) | 234 (87.64) | 46 (75.41) | |
| Marital status, (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married and living with spouse | 1881 (88.56) | 904 (91.96) | 212 (79.40) | 51 (83.61) | |
| Others | 243 (11.44) | 79 (8.04) | 55 (20.60) | 10 (16.39) | |
| Education level, (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Primary school or below | 1214 (57.16) | 454 (46.19) | 214 (80.15) | 44 (72.13) | |
| Middle school | 581 (27.35) | 315 (32.04) | 36 (13.48) | 11 (18.03) | |
| High school or above | 329 (15.49) | 214 (21.77) | 17 (6.37) | 6 (9.84) | |
| Drinking, (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Current drinking | 1232 (58.03) | 573 (58.29) | 121 (45.32) | 26 (42.62) | |
| Ever drinking | 217 (10.22) | 132 (13.43) | 52 (19.48) | 11 (18.03) | |
| Never drinking | 674 (31.75) | 278 (28.28) | 94 (35.21) | 24 (39.34) | |
| Smoking, (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Current drinking | 1341 (63.37) | 489 (49.95) | 153 (58.17) | 19 (31.67) | |
| Ever drinking | 256 (12.10) | 191 (19.51) | 39 (14.83) | 19 (31.67) | |
| Never drinking | 519 (24.53) | 299 (30.54) | 71 (27.00) | 22 (36.67) | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 53.68 ± 16.25 | 43.31 ± 13.37 | 54.73 ± 16.40 | 42.78 ± 13.90 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 110.59 ± 33.07 | 115.39 ± 36.77 | 107.81 ± 30.23 | 109.21 ± 34.83 | < 0.001 |
| Creatine, mg/dL | 0.85 ± 0.16 | 0.89 ± 0.18 | 0.87 ± 0.23 | 0.90 ± 0.23 | < 0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2.58 ± 9.11 | 2.44 ± 4.84 | 2.17 ± 4.89 | 4.49 ± 7.48 | 0.314 |
| Hypertension, (%) | 627 (29.52) | 533 (54.22) | 91 (34.08) | 41 (67.21) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, (%) | 161 (7.59) | 179 (18.21) | 29 (10.86) | 15 (24.59) | < 0.001 |
| Depression, (%) | 348 (16.38) | 128 (13.02) | 76 (28.46) | 16 (26.23) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, (%) | 115 (5.43) | 114 (11.63) | 27 (10.11) | 11 (18.03) | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary disease, (%) | 213 (10.04) | 68 (6.92) | 37 (13.86) | 10 (16.39) | 0.001 |
| Kidney disease, (%) | 106 (5.01) | 43 (4.39) | 17 (6.37) | 5 (8.20) | 0.373 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 40.03 ± 7.33 | 43.02 ± 7.89 | 22.86 ± 4.15 | 22.09 ± 4.76 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 78.96 ± 9.25 | 96.88 ± 5.87 | 76.63 ± 11.13 | 97.31 ± 5.53 | < 0.001 |
| New-onset arthritis, (%) | 344 (16.20) | 137 (13.94) | 61 (22.85) | 13 (21.31) | 0.004 |
Continuous variables are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables are expressed as numbers (percentages)
Abbreviations: ND/NAO, no dynapenia and no abdominal obesity; ND/AO, abdominal obesity alone; D/NAO, dynapenia alone; D/AO, dynapenia and abdominal obesity; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein