Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of included females according to the dynapenia and abdominal obesity status
| ND/NAO | ND/AO | D/NAO | D/AO | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1510 (44.05) | 1567 (45.71) | 187 (5.46) | 164 (4.78) | |
| Age, years | 56.82 ± 9.08 | 57.37 ± 8.75 | 64.64 ± 11.29 | 66.75 ± 10.77 | < 0.001 |
| Residence, (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 241 (16.05) | 368 (23.54) | 40 (21.39) | 40 (24.39) | |
| Rural | 1261 (83.95) | 1195 (76.46) | 147 (78.61) | 124 (75.61) | |
| Marital status, (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married and living with spouse | 1217 (80.60) | 1319 (84.17) | 118 (63.10) | 114 (69.51) | |
| Others | 293 (19.40) | 248 (15.83) | 69 (36.90) | 50 (30.49) | |
| Education level, (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Primary school or below | 1145 (75.83) | 1160 (74.03) | 165 (88.24) | 150 (91.46) | |
| Middle school | 245 (16.23) | 297 (18.95) | 15 (8.02) | 9 (5.49) | |
| High school or above | 120 (7.95) | 110 (7.02) | 7 (3.74) | 5 (3.05) | |
| Drinking, (%) | 0.617 | ||||
| Current drinking | 176 (11.66) | 175 (11.17) | 20 (10.70) | 15 (9.15) | |
| Ever drinking | 52 (3.44) | 61 (3.89) | 3 (1.60) | 4 (2.44) | |
| Never drinking | 1282 (84.90) | 1331 (84.94) | 164 (87.70) | 145 (88.41) | |
| Smoking, (%) | 0.052 | ||||
| Current drinking | 102 (6.76) | 77 (4.91) | 19 (10.22) | 13 (7.93) | |
| Ever drinking | 23 (1.53) | 27 (1.72) | 2 (1.08) | 4 (2.44) | |
| Never drinking | 1383 (91.71) | 1463 (93.36) | 165 (88.71) | 147 (89.63) | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 55.70 ± 14.25 | 47.36 ± 13.21 | 54.95 ± 15.32 | 45.94 ± 12.37 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 117.92 ± 32.52 | 122.11 ± 36.56 | 120.22 ± 38.98 | 122.87 ± 42.93 | 0.031 |
| Creatine, mg/dL | 0.68 ± 0.12 | 0.69 ± 0.13 | 0.68 ± 0.15 | 0.70 ± 0.17 | 0.155 |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.71 ± 4.62 | 2.69 ± 5.63 | 3.72 ± 13.16 | 2.87 ± 3.50 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, (%) | 428 (28.34) | 762 (48.63) | 79 (42.25) | 105 (64.02) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, (%) | 110 (7.28) | 260 (16.61) | 22 (11.83) | 37 (22.56) | < 0.001 |
| Depression, (%) | 392 (25.96) | 368 (23.48) | 72 (38.50) | 50 (30.49) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, (%) | 119 (7.92) | 187 (11.97) | 23 (12.37) | 24 (14.63) | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary disease, (%) | 88 (5.85) | 79 (5.04) | 17 (9.29) | 16 (9.76) | 0.016 |
| Kidney disease, (%) | 45 (3.00) | 49 (3.14) | 5 (2.70) | 7 (4.27) | 0.825 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 27.73 ± 6.23 | 28.68 ± 6.18 | 13.50 ± 3.54 | 14.04 ± 3.24 | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 75.66 ± 9.99 | 93.19 ± 6.59 | 74.95 ± 10.29 | 94.40 ± 7.22 | < 0.001 |
| New-onset arthritis, (%) | 283 (18.74) | 345 (22.02) | 44 (23.53) | 45 (27.44) | 0.015 |
Continuous variables are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables are expressed as numbers (percentages)
Abbreviations: ND/NAO, no dynapenia and no abdominal obesity; ND/AO, abdominal obesity alone; D/NAO, dynapenia alone; D/AO, dynapenia and abdominal obesity; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein