Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of the HFrEF patients at baseline
| Characteristics | N = 18 |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.4 ± 6.5 |
| Sex (Female/Male) | 4/14 |
| LVEF (%) | 33.4 ± 11.6 |
| Ischaemic aetiology, n (%) | 9 (50) |
| NYHA functional class, n (%) | |
| I | 3 (17) |
| II | 14 (78) |
| III | 1 (6) |
| Medical history, n (%) | |
| Overweight/ Obesity | 9 (50) |
| Currently smoking | 5 (28) |
| Hypertension | 7 (39) |
| Diabetes | 8 (44) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 15 (83) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4 (22) |
| CAD | 6 (33) |
| PAD | 3 (17) |
| OSA | 1 (6) |
| Previous stroke | 2 (11) |
| Previous MI | 6 (33) |
| Kidney disease | 4 (22) |
| Medication/devices, n (%) | |
| ACE-I and/or ARB | 11 (61) |
| β-blocker | 18 (100) |
| Loop diuretic | 12 (67) |
| MRA | 13 (72) |
| Digoxin | 1 (6) |
| Statin | 15 (83) |
| Anticoagulant | 6 (33) |
| Antiaggregant/antiplatelet | 9 (50) |
| Antiarrhythmic | 2 (11) |
| Sacubitril/Valsartan | 5 (28) |
| Antidiabetic | 7 (39) |
| SGLT2i | 3 (17) |
| CPAP | 2 (11) |
| ICD | 5 (28) |
| CRT | 4 (22) |
Data are mean ± standard deviation or number (%). LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CAD, coronary artery disease; PAD, peripheral artery disease; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; MI, myocardial infarction; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure therapy; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; and CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy