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and (b and d) 
obtained by the AQPF algorithm. Experiments are performed using D-Wave’s classical simulated annealer (
), D-Wave’s quantum-classical hybrid annealer (HA), D-Wave’s Advantage™ system (QA), Fujitsu’s classical simulated annealer (
), and Fujitsu’s digital annealer V3 (DA) using both (a and b) QUBO and (c and d) Ising model formulations for the 9-bus test system. The graphs include 
and 
obtained from the Newton-Raphson classical solver (NR).