Table 2.

Performance comparison of D-Wave’s Advantage™  system (QA) and Fujitsu’s digital annealer V3 (DA) with the Newton-Raphson classical solver (NR).

NR	0.902	0.916	0.890	− 0.092	− 0.080	− 0.104
QA (QUBO)	0.904	0.917	0.892	− 0.092	− 0.079	− 0.104
DA (QUBO)	0.904	0.918	0.895	− 0.091	− 0.079	− 0.103
QA (Ising)	0.902	0.916	0.891	− 0.092	− 0.081	− 0.104
DA (Ising)	0.903	0.917	0.891	− 0.094	− 0.080	− 0.107

The AQPF algorithm is implemented using the QUBO and Ising model formulations for the 4-bus test system. The reference bus with known values of and is not shown.