Table 2.

The association of parenting style in 2012 with children’s mathematics test scores in 2014, 2018 and children’s number series test scores in 2012, 2016.

Items	2012		2014		2016		2018
	β [95% CI]	p value	β [95% CI]	p value	β [95% CI]	p value	β [95% CI]	p value
Unadjusted model
Parenting style in 2012	0.06 [0.03, 0.08]	< 0.001	0.14 [0.09, 0.19]	< 0.001	0.08 [0.04, 0.12]	< 0.001	0.11 [0.04, 0.18]	0.002
Fully adjusted model
Parenting style in 2012	0.05 [0.01, 0.08]	0.010	0.09 [0.04, 0.15]	0.001	0.08 [0.03, 0.13]	0.001	0.10 [0.01, 0.18]	0.031

In the fully adjusted model, this table controlled for children characteristics (age, sex), parents’ characteristics (mother’s age, father’s age, whether the children lived together with the mother ≥ 8 months in the past 12 months, whether the children lived together with the father ≥ 8 months in the past 12 months, father’s employment status, mother’s employment status, whether the mother had symptoms of depression, whether the father had symptoms of depression), and household characteristics (urban or rural location, household size).