Table 1.
Summary of characteristics from included studies of problem gambling prevalence and research methodologies
| Region | Country | Study | Measure of problem gambling | Sample size | Gambling participation | Problem gambling prevalence | Legal gambling age |
| North America | Canada | Schrans and Schellinck (2008) | PGSI: score of 3+ | 2,500 | 87.0% | 2.4% | 18–19 years (varied among states) |
| USA | Tracy and Schluterman (2020) | NODS: Score of 3+ | 6,000 | 92.3% | 8.6% | 21 years | |
| Asia | South Korea | Park et al. (2010) | DSM-4: 1+ criteria | 5,333 | 39.5% | 3.8% | 20 years |
| Hong Kong | Wan et al. (2012) | DSM-4 (modified Chinese version): 3+ criteria | 2,024 | 62.4% | 3.3% | 18 years | |
| The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (2017) | DSM-5 (modified Chinese version): 4+ criteria | 2,045 | 61.5% | 0.9% | |||
| Thailand | Assanangkornchai, McNeil, Tantirangsee, Kittirattanapaiboon, and Thai National Mental Health Survey Team (2016) | DSM-4-TR: 1+ criteria | 4,727 | 76.8% | 1.72% | 20 years | |
| Europe | Austria | Buth et al. (2017) | DSM-5: 2+ criteria | 10,000 | 40.9% | 1.5% | 14–18 years (varied by gambling activity and region) |
| Denmark | Kragelund, Ekholm, Larsen, and Christensen (2022) | Lie/Bet: Score of 1+ | 14,022 | n/a | 1.5% | 18 years | |
| Estonia | Faktum Uuringukeskus (2004) | SOGS: score of 2+ | 3,519 | 12.0% | 5.0% | 16–21 years (varied by gambling activity) | |
| France | Costes, Eroukmanoff, Richard, and Tovar (2015) | PGSI: score of 3+ | 15,635 | 56.2% | 2.7% | 18 years | |
| Germany | Sassen et al. (2011) | DSM-4: 1+ criteria | 8,006 | 48.0% | 2.5% | 18 years | |
| Great Britain | Seabury and Wardle (2014) | PGSI: score of 8+ DSM-4: 3+ criteria |
10,872 | 56.0% | 0.5% | 16–18 years (varied by gambling activity) | |
| Hungary | Kun et al. (2012) | SOGS: score of 3+ | 2,710 | 42.1% | 3.3% | 18 years | |
| Northern Ireland | Department for Social Development Northern Ireland (2016) | PGSI: score of 8+ | 1,032 | 75.0% | 7.5% | 18 years | |
| Norway | Gotestam and Johansson (2003) | DSM-4: 3+ criteria | 2,014 | 68.8% | 0.6% | 18 years | |
| Slovenia | Makarovic (2010) | SOGS: score of 3+ | 10,031 | 35.5% | 1.9% | 18 years | |
| Spain | Becona (2004) | NODS: score of 3+ | 1,624 | n/a | 0.6% | 18 years | |
| Oceania | Australia | Armstrong and Carroll (2017) | PGSI: score of 3+ | 17,606 | 49.0% | 7.9% | 16–18 years (varied by gambling activity and region) |
| Browne et al. (2020) | PGSI: score of 3+ | 10,012 | 53.0% | 3.8% | |||
| Rockloff et al. (2020) | PGSI: score of 3+ | 10,638 | 69.0% | 3.1% | |||
| New Zealand | Ministry of Health (2009) | PGSI: score of 3+ | 12,488 | 32.4% | 1.7% | 16–18 years (varied by gambling activity) |
Note. Abbreviations used in measure of problem gambling column: PGSI - Problem Gambling Severity Index; NODS -National Opinion Research Center; DSM Screen for Gambling Problems; DSM-4 - Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition; DSM-5 - Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition; SOGS - South Oaks Gambling Screen