Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population stratified by sex (N=4100)
| MenN=1,985 (48.4%) | WomenN=2,115 (51.6%) | p-value a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age; years | 52 (40; 64) | 51 (39; 62) | 0.008 |
| Level of education (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Low (<10 years) | 465 (23.4%) | 424 (20.0%) | |
| Medium (10 years) | 953 (48.0%) | 1,198 (56.6%) | |
| High (>10 years) | 567 (28.6%) | 493 (23.3%) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 518 (26.1%) | 978 (46.2%) | |
| Former | 884 (44.5%) | 605 (28.6%) | |
| Current | 583 (29.4%) | 532 (25.2%) | |
| Body height; cm | 177 (172; 181) | 164 (159; 169) | <0.001 |
| Body weight; kg | 87.2 (78.3; 97.8) | 71.6 (63.2; 81.9) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index; kg/m b | 28.1 (25.5; 31.1) | 26.6 (23.3; 30.7) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference; cm | 97 (88; 105) | 83 (75; 93) | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference; cm | 101 (97; 107) | 101 (94; 110) | 0.657 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.95 (0.90; 0.99) | 0.82 (0.78; 0.86) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.55 (0.49; 0.60) | 0.51 (0.45; 0.58) | <0.001 |
| Fat mass; kg | 20.8 (16.2; 26.0) | 24.5 (18.4; 31.8) | <0.001 |
| Fat-free mass; kg | 66.7 (61.2; 72.6) | 47.2 (44.0; 51.3) | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous fat; L | 6.5 (4.9; 8.5) | 8.3 (6.2; 11.1) | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat; L | 5.2 (3.1; 7.1) | 2.5 (1.3; 3.9) | <0.001 |
| MDD (lifetime) | 287 (14.5%) | 503 (23.8%) | <0.001 |
| MDDS | 109 (5.5%) | 136 (6.4%) | 0.024 |
| MDDR | 178 (9.0%) | 357 (16.9%) | <0.001 |
| Current depressive symptoms (BDI–2) | 5.48 (3.19 9.33) | 7.17 (4.38 11.12) | <0.001 |
| Intake of antidepressants | 66 (3.3%) | 151 (7.1%) | <0.001 |
| Associated with weight gain b | 20 (1.0%) | 53 (2.5%) | <0.001 |
| Associated with weight reduction b | 5 (0.3%) | 5 (0.2%) | 0.920 |
| Other antidepressants c | 41 (2%) | 93 (4.4%) | <0.001 |
| Sleeping disorders | 308 (15.5%) | 553 (26.2%) | <0.001 |
| Ethanol in g/d within the last 30 days | 8.0 (2.1; 18.5) | 1.8 (0.4; 5.0) | <0.001 |
| Regular physical activity, winter, and summer | 938 (47.3%) | 984 (46.5%) | 0.640 |
Abbreviations: BDI-2, Beck Depression Inventory-2. MDD, major depressive disorder; MDDR, recurrent MDD; MDDS, single episode MDD.
Note: Data are expressed as median, 25th and 75th percentile (continuous data) or in absolute numbers and percentage of sex-stratified subgroups (categorical data).
p-values are based on the chi-squared test for categorical variables and the Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables [41, 42].
Antidepressants with meta-analytical evidence for association with weight gain (i.e., Amitryptilin [ATC N06AA09], Mirtazapin [ATC N06AX11], Paroxetin [ATC N06AB05]) or weight reduction (i.e., Fluoxetin [N06AB03], Bupropion [ATC N06AX12]) [36, 37].
Includes all pharmacological agents classified under ATC code N06A.