Table 3.

Results of the estimates in the WLS panel model for the period 2000–2019

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
GDP	0.0103*	0.0069	0.0053	0.0002	0.0178*	0.0246*
GMP	0.0066*	0.0079*	0.0087*	0.0076*	0.0067*	0.0061*
EL	− 0.0404*	− 0.0360*	− 0.0279*	− 0.0258*	− 0.0389*	− 0.0446*
CM	0.0782*	0.0728*	0.0702*	0.0651*	0.0737*	0.0749*
HB	0.0060*	0.0058*	0.0067*	0.0068*	0.0042*	0.0046*
HLE	0.2160*	0.1935*	0.1601*	0.1933*	0.1681*	0.1643*
Time trend	− 0.0922*	− 0.0914*	− 0.0817*	− 0.0857*	− 0.0951*	− 0.0908*
SHI (vs NHS)	− 0.5077*					− 0.6327*
ESH (vs NHS)	0.0425					0.0092
Regulation SA (vs ST)		− 0.0303
Financing SA (vs ST)			− 0.4914*
Provider PA (vs ST)				− 0.6171*
Reimbursement DRG (vs PGB)					1.2399*	1.2917*
reimbursement PSP (vs PGB)					1.1677*	1.1488*
Log-likelihood	− 717.52	− 717.09	− 716.48	− 714.09	− 713.16	− 711.00
AIC	1455.0	1452.2	1450.9	1446.2	1446.3	1446.0
BIC	1497.6	1490.5	1489.2	1484.5	1488.9	1497.0
$R^2$	0.7575	0.7710	0.8273	0.7946	0.8633	0.8376

*Denotes a coefficient significant at 5%. All the covariates, except for the time trend and the categorical variables NHS, SHI, ESH, ST, SA, PA, PGB, DRG, and PSP, have been lagged once

GDP, Gross Domestic Product per capita; GMP, General medical practitioners per 100,000 population; EL, share (%) of the population with upper secondary education; CM, share (%) of the population having a long-standing illness or health problem (duration of at least six months); HB, hospital beds per 100,000 population; HLE, healthy life expectancy (years); NHS, National Health Service and Insurance; SHI, Social Health Insurance; ESH, Etatist Social Health Insurance; ST, State; SA, Societal actors; PA, Private actors; PGB, Prospective Global Budget; DRG, Diagnosis Related Groups; PSP, Procedure Service Payment