Table 1.
Characteristics of 3455 SICCA Participants by the Discordance Status Between Dry Eye–Related Ocular Symptoms and Signs
| Characteristics | All Participants (n = 3455) | Asymptomatic But With Severe Signs (n = 479) | Concordant Symptoms and Signs (n = 1845) | Symptomatic But With Mild Signs (n = 1131) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 52.9 (13.2) | 52.8 (20.0) | 53.1 (19.0) | 52.8 (18.0) |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 3151 (91.2) | 438 (91.4) | 1684 (91.3) | 1029 (91.0) |
| Male | 304 (8.8) | 41 (8.6) | 161 (8.7) | 102 (9.0) |
| Site, n (%) | ||||
| United States | 1701 (49.2) | 144 (30.1) | 938 (50.8) | 619 (54.7) |
| Asia | 854 (24.7) | 244 (50.9) | 473 (25.6) | 137 (12.1) |
| Europe | 900 (26.0) | 91 (19.0) | 434 (23.5) | 375 (33.2) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Asian | 972 (28.1) | 263 (54.9) | 541 (29.3) | 168 (14.9) |
| Caucasian | 1995 (57.7) | 167 (34.9) | 1023 (55.4) | 805 (71.2) |
| Other | 488 (14.1) | 49 (10.2) | 281 (15.2) | 158 (14.0) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| College and above | 2035 (58.9) | 247 (51.6) | 1072 (58.1) | 716 (63.3) |
| High school and below | 1420 (41.1) | 232 (48.4) | 773 (41.9) | 415 (36.7) |
| Employment, n (%) | ||||
| Not working | 1317 (38.1) | 166 (34.7) | 655 (35.5) | 496 (43.9) |
| Working | 2137 (61.9) | 313 (65.3) | 1189 (64.4) | 635 (56.1) |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Current | 325 (9.4) | 23 (4.8) | 143 (7.8) | 159 (14.1) |
| Ever | 1078 (31.2) | 116 (24.2) | 562 (30.5) | 400 (35.4) |
| Never | 2052 (59.4) | 340 (71.0) | 1140 (61.8) | 572 (50.6) |
| Self-reported general health, n (%) | ||||
| Excellent | 64 (1.9) | 17 (3.5) | 34 (1.8) | 13 (1.1) |
| Very good | 499 (14.4) | 69 (14.4) | 307 (16.6) | 123 (10.9) |
| Good | 1189 (34.4) | 187 (39.0) | 654 (35.4) | 348 (30.8) |
| Fair | 1295 (37.5) | 172 (35.9) | 650 (35.2) | 473 (41.8) |
| Poor | 407 (11.8) | 34 (7.1) | 199 (10.8) | 174 (15.4) |
| Medical History, n (%) | ||||
| Sjögren's disease | 1517 (43.9) | 232 (48.4) | 822 (44.6) | 463 (40.9) |
| Any thyroid diseases | 605 (17.5) | 65 (13.6) | 334 (18.1) | 206 (18.2) |
| Any liver diseases | 116 (3.4) | 21 (4.4) | 66 (3.6) | 29 (2.6) |
| Any kidney diseases | 72 (2.1) | 10 (2.1) | 39 (2.1) | 23 (2.0) |
| Diabetes | 148 (4.3) | 9 (1.9) | 73 (4.0) | 66 (5.8) |
| Neuropathic Pain, n (%) | ||||
| Tingling sensation | 1456 (42.1) | 94 (19.6) | 722 (39.1) | 640 (56.6) |
| Sharp pain sensation | 1297 (37.5) | 78 (16.3) | 644 (34.9) | 575 (50.8) |
| Pain interference with work | ||||
| Not at all | 879 (25.4) | 247 (51.6) | 458 (24.8) | 174 (15.4) |
| A little bit | 745 (21.6) | 98 (20.5) | 415 (22.5) | 232 (20.5) |
| Moderately | 734 (21.2) | 82 (17.1) | 401 (21.7) | 251 (22.2) |
| Quite a bit | 791 (22.9) | 34 (7.1) | 418 (22.7) | 339 (30.0) |
| Extremely | 305 (8.8) | 18 (3.8) | 153 (8.3) | 134 (11.8) |
| Oral pain | 587 (17.0) | 28 (5.8) | 271 (14.7 | 288 (25.5) |
| Neuropathic pain score | 2.09 (1.71) | 0.66 (1.00) | 2.05 (2.00) | 2.76 (2.50) |
| Any rheumatologic diseases | 848 (24.5) | 78 (16.3) | 463 (25.1) | 307 (27.1) |
| Musculoskeletal or nervous system symptoms | 3206 (92.8) | 391 (81.6) | 1718 (93.1) | 1097 (97.0) |
| Any sensory symptoms | 2087 (60.4) | 155 (32.4) | 1065 (57.7) | 867 (76.7) |
| Medication Use, n (%) | ||||
| Artificial tears | 2198 (63.6) | 190 (39.7) | 1272 (68.9) | 736 (65.1) |
| Punctal occlusion | 326 (9.4) | 20 (4.2) | 234 (12.7) | 72 (6.4) |
| Steroid drops | 133 (3.8) | 11 (2.3) | 76 (4.1) | 46 (4.1) |
| Antibiotic drops | 194 (5.6) | 23 (4.8) | 121 (6.6) | 50 (4.4) |
| Cyclosporine drops | 336 (9.7) | 14 (2.9) | 209 (11.3) | 113 (10.0) |
| Anticholinergic drops | 1043 (30.2) | 60 (12.5) | 512 (27.8) | 471 (41.6) |
| Thyroid replacement | 519 (15.0) | 49 (10.2) | 293 (15.9) | 177 (15.6) |
| Immunomodulating drugs | 1452 (42.0) | 306 (63.9) | 890 (48.2) | 256 (22.6) |
| Health-Related QoL | ||||
| Physical function | 42.7 (12.4) | 49.3 (17.2) | 42.7 (25.8) | 40.0 (25.8) |
| Physical role functioning | 41.0 (11.6) | 48.5 (18.4) | 41.1 (13.8) | 37.6 (18.4) |
| Bodily pain | 40.3 (13.3) | 48.2 (20.4) | 40.4 (20.4) | 36.8 (20.4) |
| General health | 37.9 (11.8) | 39.7 (15.1) | 38.7 (15.1) | 35.8 (15.1) |
| Vitality | 44.6 (11.7) | 50.9 (10.1) | 45.0 (20.1) | 41.3 (20.1) |
| Social functioning | 42.9 (12.4) | 49.0 (10.1) | 42.9 (20.2) | 40.3 (30.3) |
| Emotional role functioning | 42.6 (12.5) | 48.4 (11.2) | 42.2 (22.4) | 40.7 (22.4) |
| Mental health | 45.1 (11.3) | 50.3 (18.3) | 44.9 (12.2) | 43.2 (18.3) |
| PCS | 40.0 (12.1) | 46.3 (12.8) | 40.4 (17.6) | 36.8 (20.0) |
| MCS | 45.1 (11.4) | 50.0 (13.1) | 44.9 (16.3) | 43.3 (17.2) |
| PHQ-9, n (%) | ||||
| No depression | 1317 (38.1) | 341 (71.2) | 681 (36.9) | 295 (26.1) |
| Mild depression | 928 (26.9) | 81 (16.9) | 482 (26.1) | 365 (32.3) |
| Moderate depression | 577 (16.7) | 35 (7.3) | 303 (16.4) | 239 (21.1) |
| Moderately severe depression | 297 (8.6) | 11 (2.3%) | 145 (7.9%) | 141 (12.5%) |
| Severe depression | 174 (5.0) | 9 (1.9) | 83 (4.5) | 82 (7.3) |
The percentages for each variable within each column may not sum up to 100% due to missing data and rounding.