Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants by categories of WHR (n = 976)
| Variables | WHR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| total (n = 976) | <0.85 (n = 320) | ≥0.85 (n = 656) | p value | |
| Age, mean(SD), years | 32.1±7.5 | 29.8±7.1 | 33.3±7.4 | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.008 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 271 (27.8) | 97 (30.3) | 174 (26.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 314 (32.2) | 105 (32.8) | 209 (31.9) | |
| Mexican American | 152 (15.6) | 32 (10) | 120 (18.3) | |
| Others | 239 (24.5) | 86 (26.9) | 153 (23.3) | |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| <9 years | 46 (4.7) | 13 (4.1) | 33 (5.0) | |
| 9–12 years | 359 (36.8) | 94 (29.4) | 265 (40.4) | |
| >12 years | 571 (58.5) | 213 (66.6) | 358 (54.6) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Married or living with a partner | 504 (51.6) | 136 (42.5) | 368 (56.1) | |
| Living alone | 472 (48.4) | 184 (57.5) | 288 (43.9) | |
| PIR, n (%) | 0.386 | |||
| ≤1.3 | 483 (49.5) | 152 (47.5) | 331 (50.5) | |
| >1.3 | 493 (50.5) | 168 (52.5) | 325 (49.5) | |
| Dietary supplements taken, n (%) | 0.118 | |||
| No | 538 (55.1) | 165 (51.6) | 373 (56.9) | |
| Yes | 438 (44.9) | 155 (48.4) | 283 (43.1) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.2±9.0 | 25.5±7.0 | 34.0±8.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 25 (2.6) | 22 (6.9) | 3 (0.5) | |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 249 (25.5) | 165 (51.6) | 84 (12.8) | |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 202 (20.7) | 69 (21.6) | 133 (20.3) | |
| Obesity (≥30) | 500 (51.2) | 64 (20.0) | 436 (66.5) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 873 (89.4) | 310 (96.9) | 563 (85.8) | |
| Yes | 103 (10.6) | 10 (3.1) | 93 (14.2) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 930 (95.3) | 316 (98.8) | 614 (93.6) | |
| Yes | 46 (4.7) | 4 (1.2) | 42 (6.4) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Sedentary | 431 (44.2) | 118 (36.9) | 313 (47.7) | |
| Moderate | 279 (28.6) | 123 (38.4) | 156 (23.8) | |
| Vigorous | 266 (27.3) | 79 (24.7) | 187 (28.5) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.018 | |||
| Never | 638 (65.4) | 229 (71.6) | 409 (62.3) | |
| Former | 129 (13.2) | 35 (10.9) | 94 (14.3) | |
| Current | 209 (21.4) | 56 (17.5) | 153 (23.3) | |
| Alcohol drinker, n (%) | 0.636 | |||
| No | 101 (10.3) | 31 (9.7) | 70 (10.7) | |
| Yes | 875 (89.7) | 289 (90.3) | 586 (89.3) | |
| Infertility, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| No | 859 (88.0) | 296 (92.5) | 563 (85.8) | |
| Yes | 117 (12.0) | 24 (7.5) | 93 (14.2) | |
| PID, n (%) | 0.55 | |||
| No | 905 (92.7) | 299 (93.4) | 606 (92.4) | |
| Yes | 71 (7.3) | 21 (6.6) | 50 (7.6) | |
| Regular menstrual periods, n (%) | 0.862 | |||
| No | 66 (6.8) | 21 (6.6) | 45 (6.9) | |
| Yes | 910 (93.2) | 299 (93.4) | 611 (93.1) | |
| Trouble sleeping, n (%) | 0.005 | |||
| No | 738 (75.7) | 260 (81.2) | 478 (73.0) | |
| Yes | 237 (24.3) | 60 (18.8) | 177 (27.0) | |
Data presented are mean ± SD or N (%).
SD, standard deviation; WHR, waist-hip ratio; BMl, body mass index; PIR, family poverty income ratio; PID, pelvic inflammatory disease.