Table 3. Antiretrovirals that can be or cannot be used by crushing or dissolving.

Antiretrovirals		Information	References
STR
	BIC/TAF/FTC	Dissolving in water and taking it immediately can be considered	[37]
	DTG/ABC/3TC	Can be crushed and administered with enteral nutrition	[38]
	DTG/3TC	Can be crushed and administered with enteral nutrition	[38]
	DOR/TDF/3TC	There has yet to be PK data on crushed and dissolved. The tablet must be swallowed whole	[43]
NRTI
	TAF/FTC	Dissolving in water and taking it immediately can be considered. Crushing tablets could reduce the TAF bioavailability but does not significantly impact TAF/FTC PK	[37,42]
	TDF/FTC	Dissolving in water and taking it immediately can be considered	[18]
	3TC	Can be crushed and administered with enteral nutrition	[38]
	FTC	Dissolving in water and taking it immediately can be considered	[37]
	ABC	Can be crushed and administered with enteral nutrition	[38]
INSTI
	DTG	Can be crushed and administered with enteral nutrition. Crushing DTG leads to higher DTG exposure but does not exceed exposure intake with food or twice-daily dosing	[38]
	RAL	Chewing the tablets has higher drug absorption and lower drug inter-subject PK variability	[44]
PI
	DRV	Can be crushed and administered with enteral nutrition	[39,40,41]
	DRV/c	Can be crushed and administered with enteral nutrition	[42]
	LPV/r	Significantly lower AUC with crushed tablets	[45]
NNRTI
	DOR	Crushing or dissolving tablets is not recommended	[43]
	ETV	Dispersed in ≥5 mL water showed bioequivalence to the whole tablet	[46]

STR, single-tablet regimen; BIC, bictegravir; TAF, tenofovir alafenamide; FTC, emtricitabine; DTG, dolutegravir; ABC, abacavir; 3TC, lamivudine; DOR, doravirine; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; PK, pharmacokinetics; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; RAL, raltegravir; PI, protease inhibitor; DRV, darunavir; DRV/r, ritonavir boosted darunavir; DRV/c, cobicistat boosted darunavir; LPV/r, ritonavir boosted lopinavir; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; ETV, etravirine.