TABLE 1.
Potential mammary carcinogens in food contact materials (FCMs) detected in migration experiments published in 2020, 2021, or 2022. Columns - FCCmigex: The number of database entries from FCCmigex related to migration studies from the years 2020–2022 compared to the total number of FCCmigex database entries where the chemical was detected in an FCM in studies published 1976–2022. FCMs studied: the FCMs tested in migration studies published in 2020–22 where the chemical was detected. Key characteristic(s): Evidence of selected KCs according to the criteria defined by Kay et al. (2024) that align with regulatory concerns in some jurisdictions, including directly inducing mammary carcinogenesis (MC) in rodent models, tested positive for genotoxicity (Genotoxic), high confidence or lower confidence endocrine disrupting (EDC+, EDC∼). EU REACH list(s): on the Community Rolling Action Plan (CoRAP) list, candidate substance of very high concern (Candidate list), or otherwise regulated. EU hazard class: Harmonized CLP classifications, known/presumed carcinogens and mutagens (1A/1B) marked in bold. Cells for which no relevant information was available are marked with (−).
| CASRN | Name | FCCmigex migration entries Y2020-22/total entries Y1976-2022 | FCMs studied, FCCmigex migration entries Y2020-22 | Key characteristic(s) (Kay et al., 2024) | Inclusion EU REACH list(s) | EU hazard class (harmonized) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100-42-5 | Styrene | 13/99 | Plastics, Paper & Board | MC, Genotoxic |
- | Flam. Liq. 3 Repr. 2 Acute Tox. 4 STOT RE 1 Skin Irrit. 2 Eye Irrit. 2 |
| 100-51-6 | Benzyl alcohol | 1/11 | Paper & Board | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | CoRAP list | Acute Tox. 4 |
| 101-14-4 | 4,4′-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) | 2/4 | Plastics | MC, Genotoxic |
Candidate list, Authorisation list (annex XIV) |
Carc. 1B
Acute Tox. 4 Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1 |
| 101-77-9 | 4,4′-methylenedianiline | 8/37 | Multi-materials, Plastics, Unspecified | Genotoxic, EDC+ | Candidate list, Authorisation list (annex XIV) |
Carc. 1B
Muta. 2 STOT SE 1 STOT RE 2 Skin Sens. 1 Aquatic Chronic 2 |
| 1034-01-1 | Octyl gallate | 1/2 | Plastics | EDC+ | - | Acute Tox. 4 Skin Sens. 1 |
| 103-41-3 | Benzyl cinnamate | 1/2 | Plastics | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 104-40-5 | 4-Nonylphenol | 10/39 | Plastics | EDC∼ | Candidate list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 106-47-8 | 4-Chloroaniline | 2/8 | Plastics | Genotoxic, EDC+ | - |
Carc. 1B
Acute Tox. 3 Skin Sens. 1 Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1 |
| 108-39-4 | m-Cresol | 2/6 | Plastics | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | - | Acute Tox. 3 Skin Corr. 1B |
| 111-71-7 | Heptanal | 1/19 | Plastics | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 112-05-0 | Nonanoic acid | 1/22 | Paper & Board | EDC+ | - | Aquatic Chronic 3 Eye Irrit. 2 Skin Irrit. 2 |
| 115-86-6 | Triphenyl phosphate | 2/25 | Plastics, Unspecified | EDC+ | CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 117-81-7 | Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | 44/329 | Plastics, Unspecified, Metals, Multi-materials, Paper & Board | Genotoxic, EDC+ | Candidate list, Authorisation list (annex XIV), Restriction list (annex XVII) | Repr. 1B |
| 118-56-9 | Homosalate | 1/3 | Unspecified | EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 118-79-6 | 2,4,6-Tribromophenol | 2/9 | Plastics | Genotoxic, EDC+ | CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 118-82-1 | 4,4′-Methylenebis(2,6-di-t-butylphenol) | 2/2 | Plastics | EDC∼ | CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 119-61-9 | Benzophenone | 11/138 | Unspecified, Plastics, Paper & Board | EDC∼ | CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 119-93-7 | 3,3′-Dimethylbenzidine | 1/10 | Plastics | MC, Genotoxic, EDC+ |
Restriction list (annex XVII) |
Carc. 1B
Acute Tox. 4 Aquatic Chronic 2 |
| 120-18-3 | Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid | 1/1 | Metals | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 1207-12-1 | 4,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene | 1/5 | Paper & Board | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 121-33-5 | Vanillin | 2/20 | Paper & Board, Unspecified | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 123-31-9 | Hydroquinone | 1/3 | Paper & Board | Genotoxic, EDC+ | CoRAP list | Aquatic Acute 1 Carc. 2 Muta. 2 Eye Dam. 1 Acute Tox. 4 Skin Sens. 1 |
| 124-22-1 | 1-Dodecanamine | 1/1 | Plastics | EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 131-11-3 | Dimethyl phthalate | 9/66 | Plastics, Unspecified | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 131-18-0 | Dipentyl phthalate | 4/13 | Plastics | EDC∼ | Candidate list | Repr. 1B Aquatic Acute 1 |
| 131-57-7 | 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone | 4/8 | Plastics | Genotoxic, EDC+ | CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 140-66-9 | 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol | 4/24 | Plastics, Unspecified | Genotoxic, EDC+ | Candidate list | Skin Irrit. 2 Eye Dam. 1 Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1 |
| 143-08-8 | 1-Nonanol | 2/7 | Plastics, Unspecified | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 1478-61-1 | Bisphenol AF | 4/14 | Plastics | EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 14938-35-3 | 4-Pentylphenol | 3/3 | Plastics | EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 1638-22-8 | 4-Butylphenol | 2/2 | Plastics | EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 1987-50-4 | 4-Heptylphenol | 3/3 | Plastics | EDC+ | Candidate list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 21245-02-3 | 2-Ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate | 6/54 | Unspecified, Paper & Board | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 23128-74-7 | Irganox 1098 | 3/5 | Plastics | EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 2440-22-4 | 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol | 1/10 | Plastics | EDC∼ | CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 24602-86-6 | Tridemorph | 1/1 | Paper & Board | EDC+ | - | Acute Tox. 4 Skin Irrit. 2 Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1 Repr. 1B |
| 24851-98-7 | Methyl dihydrojasmonate | 1/5 | Plastics | EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 26172-55-4 | 5-Chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone | 1/7 | Paper & Board | Genotoxic, EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 2772-45-4 | 2,4-Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol | 1/4 | Plastics | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 42978-66-5 | Tripropylene glycol diacrylate | 1/10 | Plastics | EDC∼ | - | Eye Irrit. 2 Skin Irrit. 2 Skin Sens. 1 STOT SE 3 Aquatic Chronic 2 |
| 4376-20-9 | Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | 2/7 | Plastics | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 499-75-2 | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol | 2/72 | Unspecified | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 57-11-4 | Octadecanoic acid | 8/53 | Paper & Board, Plastics, Unspecified | EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 5888-33-5 | Isobornyl acrylate | 1/1 | Plastics | EDC∼ | - | Skin Sens. 1A |
| 599-64-4 | 4-Cumylphenol | 1/1 | Plastics | EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 620-92-8 | Bisphenol F | 10/23 | Metals, Plastics | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 645-56-7 | 4-Propylphenol | 3/3 | Plastics | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 6683-19-8 | Irganox 1010 | 7/66 | Plastics | EDC+ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 678-39-7 | 8:2 FTOH | 2/15 | Unspecified | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 68-26-8 | Retinol | 1/1 | Unspecified | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 6846-50-0 | 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate | 4/32 | Unspecified, Plastics, Paper & Board | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 71-43-2 | Benzene | 5/29 | Plastics, Paper & Board | MC, Genotoxic |
Restriction list (annex XVII) |
Carc. 1A
Muta. 1B Flam. Liq. 2 STOT RE 1 Asp. Tox. 1 Eye Irrit. 2 Skin Irrit. 2 |
| 77-40-7 | Bisphenol B | 3/4 | Plastics | EDC+ | Candidate list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 78-63-7 | 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)hexane | 2/2 | Metals, Paper & Board | EDC∼ | - | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 79-94-7 | Tetrabromobisphenol A | 2/13 | Plastics | EDC+ | CoRAP list, Candidate list |
Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1 |
| 79-97-0 | Bisphenol C | 3/4 | Metals, Plastics | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 80-05-7 | Bisphenol A | 42/253 | Metals, Unspecified, Plastics, Paper & Board | Genotoxic, EDC+ | Candidate list, CoRAP list, Restriction list (annex XVII) | Repr. 2 STOT SE 3 Eye Dam. 1 Skin Sens. 1 |
| 80-09-1 | 4,4′-Sulfonyldiphenol | 7/26 | Plastics, Paper & Board | Genotoxic, EDC+ | CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 842-0-9 | C.I. Solvent Yellow 14 | 1/1 | Plastics, Paper & Board | Genotoxic, EDC+ | - | Muta. 2 Carc. 2 Skin Sens. 1 Aquatic Chronic 4 |
| 84-61-7 | Dicyclohexyl phthalate | 4/34 | Plastics, Unspecified | EDC∼ | Candidate list, CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 84-66-2 | Diethyl phthalate | 12/133 | Paper & Board, Plastics, Unspecified | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 84-69-5 | Diisobutyl phthalate | 22/197 | Plastics, Unspecified, Metals, Multi-materials, Paper & Board | EDC∼ | Candidate list, Authorisation list (annex XIV) | Repr. 1B |
| 84-74-2 | Dibutyl phthalate | 39/290 | Plastics | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | Candidate list, Authorisation list (annex XIV), Restriction list (annex XVII) | Repr. 1B Aquatic Acute 1 |
| 85-68-7 | Benzyl butyl phthalate | 18/99 | Metals, Paper & Board, Plastics, Unspecified | Genotoxic, EDC+ | Candidate list, Authorisation list (annex XIV), Restriction list (annex XVII) | Repr. 1B Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1 |
| 87-62-7 | 2,6-Dimethylaniline | 2/8 | Multi-materials, Plastics | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | - | Carc. 2 Acute Tox. 4 Skin Irrit. 2 STOT SE 3 Aquatic Chronic 2 |
| 89-83-8 | Thymol | 2/4 | Unspecified | Genotoxic, EDC∼ | - | Acute Tox. 4 Aquatic Chronic 2 Skin Corr. 1B |
| 91-59-8 | 2-Naphthylamine | 2/5 | Plastics | EDC+ | Restriction list (annex XVII) |
Carc. 1A
Acute Tox. 4 Aquatic Chronic 2 |
| 91-94-1 | 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine | 4/6 | Multi-materials, Plastics | MC, Genotoxic |
Restriction list (annex XVII) |
Carc. 1B
Acute Tox. 4 Skin Sens. 1 Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1 |
| 92-67-1 | 4-Biphenylamine | 4/8 | Plastics | MC, Genotoxic |
Candidate list, Restriction list (annex XVII) |
Carc. 1A
Acute Tox. 4 |
| 92-87-5 | Benzidine | 6/11 | Plastics | MC, Genotoxic, EDC+ |
Restriction list (annex XVII) |
Carc. 1A
Acute Tox. 4 Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1 |
| 94-13-3 | Propylparaben | 1/4 | Plastics | EDC+ | CoRAP list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 94-26-8 | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid butyl ester | 1/1 | Plastics | EDC+ | Candidate list | No harmonized CLP classification |
| 95-53-4 | 2-Methylaniline | 2/12 | Plastics, Unspecified | MC, Genotoxic |
Candidate list |
Carc. 1B
Acute Tox. 3 Eye Irrit. 2 Aquatic Acute 1 |
| 95-69-2 | 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline | 3/7 | Plastics, Unspecified | Genotoxic, EDC+ | - |
Carc. 1B
Muta. 2 Acute Tox. 3 Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1 |
| 95-80-7 | 2,4-Diaminotoluene | 4/22 | Multi-materials, Plastics | MC, Genotoxic, EDC∼ |
Candidate list |
Carc. 1B
Muta. 2 Repr. 2 Acute Tox. 3 Acute Tox. 4 STOT RE 2 Skin Sens. 1 Aquatic Chronic 2 |
| 97-56-3 | o-Aminoazotoluene | 2/4 | Plastics | MC, Genotoxic, EDC+ |
Candidate list |
Carc. 1B
Skin Sens. 1 |