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. 2024 Oct 7;14:23338. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-73420-w

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Mendelian randomization study design and workflow. GWAS: genome-wide association study; SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphisms; MR-PRESSO: MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; cML-MA: constrained maximum likelihood, and model averaging-based.