Fig. 4. Timestack plot of ion cyclotron damping.

Timestack plots of the perpendicular correlation $C_{E_{\perp }}\left(v_{\perp },t;\tau \right)$ using both (a) instantaneous values (τ = 0) and (b) a correlation interval τ = 16.5 s. c The rate of ion energization by the perpendicular electric field ${⟨{\mathbf{j}}_{\perp ,i}\cdot {\mathbf{E}}_{\perp }⟩}_{\tau }$, computed both instantaneously with τ = 0 (black) and time-averaged over τ = 16.5 s (red). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.