Fig. 6. Vlasov–Maxwell frequencies and damping/growth rates.

a Normalized wave frequency ω/Ω_i for T_⊥i/T_∥i = 1.0 (dotted) and T_⊥i/T_∥i = 2.43 (dashed) vs. normalized parallel wavenumber k_∥d_i with fixed k_⊥d_i = 0.016. b For T_⊥i/T_∥i = 1.0, damping γ < 0 (black dotted) occurs for all k_∥d_i, but for T_⊥i/T_∥i = 2.43, unstable growth with γ > 0 (red dashed) occurs over 0.3≤k_∥d_i≤0.9, with damping γ < 0 (blue dashed) outside that range. c For T_⊥i/T_∥i = 1.0, decomposition of the total damping rate (black dotted): total electron damping γ_e (blue), ion Landau damping (iLD, red short-dashed), ion transit-time damping (iTTD, red long-dashed), and ion cyclotron damping (iCD, green dashed). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.