Table 1.

Comparative analysis of buck converter with its performance parameters, area, and cost.

S.NoRef.No	Technology	Input (V)	Output (V)	Quiescent current/power	Output ripple (mV)	Peak Efficiency (%)	Efficiency (%) @ light load	Control Mode	Die Area (mm2)	Estimated Cost
1 [2]	180 nm	2.4-3.6	0.6-1.5	8 nA	15	96	80	APSM	0.56	Low
2 [3]	65 nm	1.5-2.3	0.5-0.9	0.801 nW	92	93	80	PFM/LM/PWM	0.237	Moderate
3 [5]	0.18 μm	2.1–5.5	1.8	240 nA	19	90.04	95.8	AOT	1.092	Low
4 [6]	130 nm	1.8-3.3	1.2	0.44–12.32 nA	29	92.15	87.7	Hysteretic	0.14	Moderate
5 [17]	180 nm	0.55-1.0	0.35-0.5	145 nA	<10	92	47	AM + PFM + PWM	1.44	Low
6 [18]	180 nm	2.0–5	0.8–3	470 nA	15	93	85.6	DCT + PWM	1.1	Low
7 [19]	0.13 μm	2.2–3.3	1.7	500 nA	180	92.4	81.2	RM + PFM + PWM	0.656	Moderate
8 [20]	0.18 μm	2.5–5.5	1.15-1.8	50 μA	30	91	–	PWM/ABM	3.2	Low
9 [26]	180 μm	3–5	1.8–12	217 nA	31	86	55	PSM	1.8	Low
10 [28]	65 nm	1.2–3.3	0.7-0.9	400 pw-0.8 nw	10	92	30	PFM	0.32	Moderate
11 [28]	65 nm	1.2–3.3	0.7-0.9	0.2 nA	10	92	70	PSM	0.32	Moderate
12 [86]	0.35 μm	2.7-4.2	1.2-1.8	15.5–2.8 μA	3	92.8	80.6	PFM	0.5304	Low
13 [87]	0.18 μm	2.7-4.7	1.6	490 nA	50	92.1	51.3	PWM + PFM + DGM	0.55	Low
14 [47]	45 nm	2.8-4.2	0.4-1.2	–	20	87	71	PFM + PWM	0.11	High
15 [49]	0.18 μm	2.0–3.3	1.2	–	15	91	48	PWM + PFM + MSPWM	0.14	Low
16 [64]	55 nm	1.5–3	1.2	130 μA	20	91.5	54	DPWM	0.15	Moderate
17 [101]	40 nm	0.5-1.4	0.4-1.2	–	20	92.5	80	SPSM	2.415	High
18 [110]	350 nm	4.2–5	3.3	180 nA	16	92.9	84	PSAOT + PSAM	3.78	Moderate
19 [113]	90 nm	1.8-4.2	0.9-1.4	12 μA	20	85.6	78	PFM	3.375	Moderate
20 [114]	28 nm	1.80	0.4-1.4	262 nA	30	89	55	PWM/PSM	0.5	High
21 [115]	0.18 μm	2.9-3.3	1.1–1.7	–	10	93.2	–	DPWM	0.6	Low
22 [116]	0.18 μm	2.5-3.3	1	–	240	86.5	71	PWM	0.375	Low
23 [117]	0.25 μm	1.2–2.5	1	181 nA	<30	95	<70	DOOT	0.5	Low

∗RM- Retention mode ∗DOOT-Dynamic on/off time.