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Gut microbiota and metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Gut microbiota and metabolite disturbance in IBD includes a decrease in commensal bacteria and anti-inflammatory metabolites such as SCFAs, and an increase in pathogenic bacteria and proinflammatory metabolites such as histamine and succinate, which then induce compromised intestinal barrier integrity and dysregulated immune responses in gut mucosa, contributing to the pathogenesis of IBD.
