Table 2.
Risk factors associated with death among the liver cancer patients.
| Characteristic | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Died | Total | HR | 95% CI | p-value* | aHR | 95% CI | p-value* | |
| At diagnosis | ||||||||
| Male | 7,100 | 7,763 | 1.11 | 1.07–1.17 | <0.0001 | 1.10 | 1.04–1.15 | < 0.0001 |
| Aged ≥ 60 years old | 4,513 | 4,914 | 1.13 | 1.08–1.17 | <0.0001 | 1.16 | 1.11–1.21 | < 0.0001 |
| BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 | 1,573 | 1,689 | 1.12 | 1.06–1.18 | <0.0001 | 1.06 | 1.00–1.12 | 0.0596 |
| Regional cancer stage | 5,469 | 6,100 | 1.78 | 1.61–1.95 | <0.0001 | 1.80 | 1.64–1.99 | < 0.0001 |
| Metastatic cancer stage | 3,050 | 3,096 | 3.46 | 3.13–3.82 | 3.57 | 3.23–3.95 | ||
| Smoking history | 5,414 | 5,847 | 1.16 | 1.11–1.21 | <0.0001 | 1.16 | 1.11–1.22 | < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol-use history | 6,106 | 6,636 | 1.11 | 1.06–1.15 | <0.0001 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.08 | 0.5924 |
| Time-updated variables | ||||||||
| PM2.5 concentration ≥ 40 μg/m3 | – | – | 1.09 | 1.05–1.14 | 0.0001 | 1.10 | 1.05–1.15 | < 0.0001 |
| PM10 concentration ≥ 55 μg/m3 | – | – | 1.10 | 1.05–1.14 | <0.0001 | – | – | – |
| NO2 concentration ≥ 8.7 ppb | – | – | 1.03 | 0.99–1.08 | 0.1614 | – | – | – |
| SO2 concentration ≥ 8.1 ppb | – | – | 0.97 | 0.93–1.02 | 0.2664 | – | – | – |
| CO concentration ≥ 418 ppb | – | – | 1.13 | 1.08–1.18 | < 0.0001 | – | – | – |
| O3 concentration ≥ 38.6 ppb | – | – | 1.00 | 0.95–1.04 | 0.8792 | – | – | – |
*p-value from a partial likelihood ratio test. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio.