Table 3.
Demographics and clinic variables associated with VVC and phone telehealth utilization among diabetic veterans experiencing housing instability in pandemic year 2.
| VVC use, PY2 N = 1075 |
Phone use, PY2 N = 5246 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Age | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.02 |
| Race/ethnicity a | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.01 (0.84–1.23) | 0.35 | 1.32 (0.97–1.78) | 0.07 |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 0.96 (0.58–1.60) | 0.84 | 1.23 (0.58–2.60) | 0.59 |
| Hispanic, any race | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) | 0.17 | 1.37 (0.72–2.61) | 0.33 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Female | 1.59 (1.22–2.08) | 0.0006 | 1.13 (0.71–1.79) | 0.62 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single/divorced/widow(ed) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Married | 1.28 (1.09–1.52) | 0.003 | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 0.75 |
| Last residence | ||||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Rural | 0.89 (0.74–1.08) | 0.23 | 0.76 (0.60–0.97) | 0.03 |
| Elixhauser group, Pre-COVID | ||||
| Less than or equal to 2 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 3 or more | 1.33 (0.98–1.80) | 0.07 | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | 0.44 |
| Elixhauser group, PY1 | ||||
| Less than or equal to 2 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 3 or more | 1.64 (1.25–2.14) | 0.0004 | 1.25 (0.95–1.64) | 0.11 |
| VA priority | ||||
| Group 1 | 1.28 (1.09–1.49) | 0.002 | 1.28 (1.02–1.62) | 0.03 |
| Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| A1c levels pre-diabetic range, Pre-COVID | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.04 | - | |
| Prior utilization | ||||
| Primary care, pre-COVID phone | — | 1.41 (1.12–1.76) | 0.003 | |
| Primary care, PY1 | ||||
| Face to face | 1.33 (1.04–1.71) | 0.02 | — | |
| Video | 2.49 (2.08–2.98) | <0.0001 | — | |
| Phone | 0.67 (0.49–0.92) | 0.01 | 2.44 (1.81–3.28) | <0.0001 |
| Endocrinology, PY1 video | 3.04 (2.08–4.45) | <0.0001 | — | |
| Pharmacy, PY1 | ||||
| Face to face | — | 1.51 (1.18–1.94) | 0.001 | |
| Video | 6.24 (4.11–9.48) | <0.0001 | — | |
| Telehealth visit, pre-COVID | 1.26 (1.06–1.50) | 0.009 | — | |
| Telehealth visit, PY1 | 1.86 (1.53–2.25) | <0.0001 | 1.62 (1.28–2.05) | <0.0001 |
| Surgery visit, pre-COVID | 1.20 (1.00–1.42) | 0.05 | - | |
| Mental health visit, PY1 | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | 0.03 | - | |
| Cardiology clinic visit, PY1 | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) | 0.02 | 1.65 (1.20–2.27) | 0.002 |
| Pulmonary clinic visit, PY1 | - | 1.49 (1.03–2.16) | 0.03 | |
| Primary care visit, PY1 | - | 1.88 (1.41–2.49) | <0.0001 | |
| Diabetes visit, PY1 | - | 2.27 (1.44–3.58) | 0.0004 | |
a
Self-identified veteran race/ethnicity.