Figure 2.

Palaeogenetics has highlighted the impacts of past climate change and human impact on the distribution of New Zealand’s living species including A, kiwi (e.g. roroa great spotted kiwi Apteryx maxima; Shepherd et al. 2012); B, parrots like kākāpo (Strigops habroptila; Dussex et al. 2021); C, penguins such as hoiho yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes antipodes; Boessenkool et al. 2009); D, shags including matapo Otago shag (Leucocarbo chalconotus; Rawlence et al. 2015); E, swans (Cygnus spp.; Rawlence et al. 2017); F, pinnipeds such as rāpoka Phocarctos sea lions (Collins et al. 2014); and G, herpetofauna including Duvaucel’s gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii; Scarsbrook et al. 2022).