Fig. 3.

Sepsis plasma EVs cause neuroinflammation in vivo. CLP EVs were injected into the mouse brain via ICV at a dose of 8 × 10⁸ particles per brain. Brains were processed 24 h after the injection. The infiltrated immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The cell number (A) and the percentage (B) of myeloid cells, monocytes, and neutrophils in the brain were displayed and represenative flow cytometry figures (C) of microglia (CD45^low CD11b⁺), monocyte (Ly6C⁺Ly6G⁻) and neutrophil (Ly6C⁺Ly6G⁺) were listed. D Brain cytokine gene expression was assessed using qRT-PCR at 24 h after injection. n = 5/group. E Cytokine expression in monocyte, neutrophil, and microglia tested by flow cytometry. n = 4–7/group