Table 3.

Independent t-tests comparing flipped classroom and traditional lecture-based groups

Measure	Flipped vs. Traditional	t-value	df	p-value
Pre-test Scores (mean ± SD)	65.2 ± 8.1 vs. 62.8 ± 7.5	1.85	98	0.068
Post-test Scores (mean ± SD)	78.6 ± 6.9 vs. 74.2 ± 8.3	3.21	98	0.002
Student Engagement (mean ± SD)	4.5 ± 0.8 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6	4.78	98	< 0.001
Student Satisfaction (mean ± SD)	0.2 ± 0.7 vs. 3.9 ± 0.5	2.34	98	0.021

Independent t‑test, P < 0.05 was significant