. 2024 Sep 8;16(9):e68940. doi: 10.7759/cureus.68940

Table 2. Comparison of physical performance variables between the placebo (P) and Ashwagandha extract (WS) groups.

WS=Ashwagandha extract, P=placebo, bpm=beats per minute

* Represents a p-value<0.05 on the repeated measures ANOVA test where a comparison of the placebo arm (within the group) is carried compared to baseline visit

# Represents a p-value<0.05 on the repeated measures ANOVA test where a comparison of the Ashwagandha extract arm (within the group) is carried with baseline visits;

$ represents p<0.05 on comparison between the placebo and Ashwagandha extract arms (between the groups) for that particular visit on the independent T-test

@Borg rating ranged from 6 to 20, where 6 meant "no exertion at all" and 20 meant "maximal exertion"

No.	Variable	Day 1 Mean ± SD		Day 15 Mean ± SD		Day 30 Mean ± SD		Day 45 Mean ± SD		Day 60 Mean ± SD
No.	Variable	P n=24	WS n=27	P n=24	WS n=27	P n=24	WS n=27	P n=24	WS n=27	P n=24	WS n=27
1	HR before bicycle ergometer exercise (bpm)	75.48 ± 8.4	79.56 ± 9.1	77.92 ± 8.4	77.89 ± 8.2	76.36 ±9.5	78.48 ± 8.59	76.68 ± 8.3	78.11 ± 8.9	75.16 ± 8.6	76.41 ± 8.7
2	SBP before bicycle ergometer exercise (mmHg)	121.6 ± 12.5	126 ± 12.2	120.5 ± 10.9	126.1 ± 12.6	119.6 ± 9.63	124.3 ± 13.8	119.9 ± 10.9	126.19 ± 10.6	120.2 ± 11.35	124.78 ± 12.1
3	DBP before bicycle ergometer exercise (mmHg)	75.68 ± 9.8	78.63 ± 10.7	75.44 ± 9.3	79.11 ± 11.46	73.68 ±10.3	77.74 ± 10.1	73.56 ± 8.8	76.78 ± 10.3	75.36 ± 5.05	77.56 ± 4.9
4	HR after bicycle ergometer exercise (bpm)	110.36 ± 14.1	114.81 ± 16.04	110.44 ± 9.9	115.93± 13.3	109.4 ±11.8	114.37 ± 14.3	111 ± 11.4	116.89 ± 14.9	108.56 ± 10.8	113.85 ± 12.6
5	SBP after bicycle ergometer exercise (mmHg)	140.32 ± 14.8	145.89 ± 12.5	140.96 ± 13.1	149.63± 15.8	137.64±11.9	143.85 ± 13.8	142.96 ± 11.5	145.93 ± 15	138.56± 9.5	145.81 ± 14.8^$
6	DBP after bicycle ergometer exercise (mmHg)	81.88 ± 11.9	80.89 ± 12.5	85.04 ± 9.6	79.26 ± 12.6	84.52 ± 8.8	76.48 ± 10.1	82.76 ± 8.2	78.19 ± 10.8	79.96 ± 7.2	79.07 ± 10.1
7	Total distance on bicycle ergometer (km)	2.08 ± 0.6	2.07 ± 0.7	2.08 ± 0.6	2.15 ± 0.6	2.28 ± 0.5	2.83 ± 0.6^#	2.26 ± 0.6	3.01± 0.7^#	2.16 ± 0.62	2.85 ± 0.54^#$
8	Maximum speed on a bicycle ergometer (km/hr)	26.9 ± 9.13	27.5 ± 8.7	27.8 ± 9.35	28.4 ± 9.5	28.6 ± 6.07	29.4 ± 8.9	28.6 ± 8.2	29.8 ± 8.6	28.8 ± 7.7	29.8 ± 7.6
9	Average speed on a bicycle ergometer (km/hr)	20.3 ± 5.3	22.6 ± 13.6	20.9 ± 5.6	22.5 ± 6.3	22.3 ± 5.1	23.3 ± 6.7	22.5 ± 5.6	24.8 ± 6.8	22.2 ± 5.48	25.6 ± 5.7^$
10	Fixed workload HR at rest (bpm)	78.64 ± 14.2	79.37 ± 9.1	78.24 ± 8.7	77.8 ± 8.2	77.24 ± 8.96	78.07 ± 9.7	76.6 ± 8.6	78.11 ± 8.9	75.76 ± 8.4	76.7 ± 8.4
11	Fixed workload HR at end (bpm)	112.7 ± 18.4	115.7 ± 15.7	110.28 ± 9.9	115.3 ± 13.5	110 ± 12	114.52 ± 14.06	111.6 ± 11.03	116.96 ± 14.7	110.44± 10.5	113.85 ± 12.6
12	Back-leg press dynamometer(muscle force in kg)	45.9 ± 19.8	45.6 ± 17	45.5 ± 14.2	45.7 ±15.2	43.2 ± 13.2	46.9 ± 18.4	43.6 ± 12.9	46.8 ± 20.5	43.9 ± 11.3	47.12± 16.3
13	Hand grip strength(muscle force in kg)	35.2 ± 10.7	34.3 ± 7.7	34.06 ± 9.6	35.8 ± 6.97	34.1 ± 9.1	35.3 ± 6.3	34.1 ± 8.6	36.12 ± 6.4	34.68 ± 8.6	36.4 ± 6.6
14	Body composition skeletal muscle mass (%)	75.8 ± 6.5	74.83 ± 3.5	75.6 ± 5.7	75.1± 3.91	75.4 ± 5.1	75.6 ± 3.67	75.4 ± 5.8	75.3 ± 4.09	75.7 ± 5.1	75.84 ± 3.89
15	Body composition body fat mass (%)	19.8 ± 6.4	21.1 ± 3.7	20.4 ± 6.6	20.8 ± 4.13	20.4 ± 5.4	21.4 ± 3.88	20.4 ± 6.1	21.6 ± 4.34	20.1 ± 5.4	21 ± 4.13
16	Body composition BMI (kg/m²)	23.4 ± 3.4	23.9 ± 2.7	23.7 ± 3.4	24.1 ± 2.7	23.5 ± 3.3	24.1 ± 2.7	23.6 ± 3.4	24.1 ± 2.6	23.6 ± 3.4	24.3 ± 2.64
17	Borg Rating^@	13.2 ± 1.5	13.63 ± 1.9	12.6 ± 1.4	13.11 ± 1.4	12.24 ± 1.3*	13.04 ± 1.4	12.64 ± 1.2	13.19 ± 1.4	12.16 ± 1.25*	13.37 ± 2.1^$