TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study participants and alcohol‐related variables.
| Characteristic | Control group | Surgery group | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 14 | 18 | NA |
| Age, mean (SD), yr | 40.8 (9.1) | 40.5 (10.5) | 0.93 |
| Race | |||
| White, n (%) | 13 (93) | 17 (94) | 0.69 |
| Black/African American, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | |
| Asian/Asian American, n (%) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 91.4 (19.2) | 88.2 (12.4) | 0.57 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 33.3 (5.5) | 32.7 (4.7) | 0.75 |
| FFM, mean (SD), kg | 49.0 (8.7) | 49.2 (5.6) | 0.92 |
| Time from surgery, mean (SD), yr | NA | 1.5 (0.9) | NA |
| Fasting plasma concentrations | |||
| Glucose, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.1 (0.3) | 4.7 (0.3) | 0.002 |
| Insulin, median (IQR), pmol/L | 85.9 (53.5) | 37.3 (30.2) | 0.004 |
| C‐peptide, mean (SD), nmol/L | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.20 |
| GLP‐1, median (IQR), pmol/L | 5.5 (4.6) | 13.0 (11.8) | 0.01 |
| Ghrelin, mean (SD), pg/mL | 128.4 (32.7) | 88.1 (58.0) | 0.03 |
| HOMA‐IR2, median (IQR) | 1.6 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.004 |
| Alcohol‐related variables | |||
| Age | |||
| Onset of alcohol drinking, mean (SD), yr | 16.4 (2.8) | 16.1 (4.2) | 0.81 |
| Regular drinking began, median (IQR), yr | 19.0 (4.0) | 19.5 (3.0) | 0.78 |
| Drinking over the past 6 months | |||
| No. of drinking days per month, median (IQR) | 2.1 (2.0) | 1.7 (1.3) | 0.19 |
| No. of alcohol drinks per drinking day, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.0) | 0.06 |
| Classical alcohol pharmacokinetics | |||
| No. of participants | 14 | 14 a | NA |
| Peak BAC, mean (SD), g/L | 0.75 (0.16) | 0.99 (0.20) | 0.002 |
| Time to reach peak BAC, mean (SD), h b | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Area under the BAC time curve, mean (SD), g/L × h0–3 | 1.04 (0.21) | 1.20 (0.22) | 0.06 |
| Alcohol elimination measures | |||
| Disappearance rate, β60, mean (SD), g/L × h0–3 | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.35 |
| Total eliminated, b60, mean (SD), g/h | 8.9 (2.3) | 7.8 (2.1) | 0.20 |
| Elimination rate, R, mean (SD), g/kg of body weight /h | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.45 |
| No. of standard drinks given on alcohol challenge test, mean (SD) | 1.7 (0.3) | 1.7 (0.2) | 0.89 |
Note: Conversions to SI units have been made in this table as follows: glucose mg/dL × 0.0555 = mmol/L, insulin μIU/mL × 6.945 = pmol/L, C‐peptide ng/mL × 0.331 = nmol/L. Values in bold indicate significant differences between groups.
Abbreviations: BAC, blood alcohol concentration; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); FFM, fat‐free mass; HOMA‐IR2, Homeostatic Model Assessment‐Insulin Resistance 2; NA, not applicable.
a
Pharmacokinetics data from four participants was excluded due to problems with the arterialized technique.
b
From the time of the first sip of alcohol drink consumed over 10 min.