TABLE 2.
Total AUCs for GLP‐1, ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and C‐peptide and differences between groups (control and surgery) and within conditions (alcohol and placebo drinks).
| Control group | Surgery group | Difference between control and surgery group (mean, 95% CI) | Difference within alcohol and placebo drink (mean, 95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUC placebo (mean ± SEM) | AUC alcohol (mean ± SEM) | AUC placebo (mean ± SEM) | AUC alcohol (mean ± SEM) | |||
| GLP‐1 total AUC, pmol/L × h(0–3) | 24.2 ± 3.1 | 13.8 ± 2.4 | 63.4 ± 13.0 | 43.9 ± 11.1 | −34.7 (−59.6, −9.8) | −14.9 (−22.7, −7.2) |
| Ghrelin total AUC, pg/mL × h(0–3) | 411.6 ± 32.8* | 300.3 ± 12.0 | 260.6 ± 34.2 | 226.6 ± 23.8 | 112.3 (36.4, 188.3) | −72.6 (−102.2, −43.0) |
| Glucose total AUC, mmol/L × h(0–3) | 14.7 ± 0.2 | 14.0 ± 0.3 | 13.8 ± 0.2 | 13.3 ± 0.2 | 0.8 (0.1, 1.4) | −0.6 (−0.8, −0.4) |
| Insulin total AUC, pmol/L × h(0–3) | 242.4 ± 34.7 | 263.4 ± 33.1 | 140.4 ± 19.7 | 131.3 ± 15.7 | 117.1 (39.8, 194.3) | 5.9 (−14.0, 25.9) |
| C‐peptide total AUC, nmol/L × h(0–3) | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.9) | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) |
Note: Conversions to SI units have been made in Table 2 as follows: glucose mg/dL × 0.0555 = mmol/L, insulin μIU/mL × 6.945 = pmol/L, C‐peptide ng/mL × 0.331 = nmol/L. AUCs were analysed using separate general linear mixed model (PROC MIXED) analyses. Condition (placebo and alcohol), group (control and surgery) and their interaction were included in the model and treated as fixed effects, and the subject was included as a random effect. Post hoc Fisher's least significant difference was used when interaction was statistically significant. GLP‐1: Group, F (1,30) = 6.68, P = 0.01 condition, F (1,30) = 15.45, P = 0.0005; group × condition, F (1,30) = 1.44, P = 0.24, group × condition; ghrelin, F (1,30) = 9.13, P = 0.005, group; F (1,30) = 25.09, P < 0.0001, condition; F (1,30) = 7.11, P = 0.01; glucose, group, F (1,30) = 5.43, P = 0.03 (this main effect did not pass FDR); condition, F (1,30) = 30.68, P < 0.0001; group × condition, F (1,30) = 1.13, P = 0.30; insulin, F (1,30) = 11.41, P = 0.002, group; F (1,30) = 0.37, P = 0.55, condition; F (1,30) = 2.37, P = 0.13, group × condition; C‐peptide, F (1,30) = 1.94, P = 0.17, group; F (1,30) = 1.31, P = 0.26, condition. F (1,30) = 1.21, P = 0.28, group × condition.
Abbreviation: AUC, total area under the curve.
Signifies difference from all ghrelin means at P < 0.05.