Table 1.

Electrochemical measuring methods applied in lectin-based biosensors.

Electrochemical methods	Sensing platform	Application	Target	Lectin	Limit of detection (LOD)	Detection range	Ref
EIS	electro synthesized polyaniline (PANI)	Bacteria detection	Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus	ConA	50 μg/mL	50 μg/mL - 200 μg/mL	[33]
EIS	zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONp)	Virus detection	DENV2, ZIKV, CHIKV, and YFV	ConA	0.0421 pfu mL−1 for ZIKV, 0.0437 pfu mL−1 for YFV, 0.062 pfu mL−1 for CHIKV, and 0.0382 pfu mL−1 for DENV	NA	[10]
EIS	Gold electrode	Fungi detection	Candida spp.	ConA, WGA	102 CFU mL−1 (C. krusei)	102–106 CFU mL−1	[34]
EIS	Streptavidin gold nanoparticles (GNP)	rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and many cancers	Galactosylation of IgG	GSL II, RCA I	0.031 μg/μl	0.1−1 μg/μl	[35]
EIS	nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs)	Breast cancer cell detection	MCF-7	PHA-L	1 cell mL−1 in PBS and 2 cells mL−1 in human serum	5 to 106 cells mL−1 in PBS and 20–106 cells mL−1 in human serum	[12]
Cyclic voltammetry + EIS	lubricin-peanut agglutinin (LUB-PNA) interface	Cancer biomarkers detection	cancer-associated glycoprotein (asialofetuin, ASF)	PNA	39 nM in PBS	39 nM to 2.5 μM	[36]
Cyclic voltammetry + amperometry	gold/platinum hybrid functionalized zinc oxide nanorods (Pt-Au@ZnONRs)	Glucose detection	glucose	ConA	0.6 μM	1.8 μM to 5.15 mM	[37]
Amperometry	multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)	Glucose detection	glucose	ConA	0.31 μM	2.0 × 10−6 M to 4.1 × 10−4 M	[38]
Amperometry	Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles	Breast cancer cell detection	MCF-7 cells	ConA	30 cells mL−1	100 to 106 cells mL−1	[39]
Amperometry	polydopamine film	Glucose detection	D-glucose	ConA	7.5 × 10−7 M	1.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−4 M	[40]