Table 2.
Mean change in body mass index (BMI) in kg/m2 from initiation to 1 year of ART by baseline characteristics.
| Mean ± SD Change in BMI (kg/m2) from ART initiation to 1-year | Univariable Mean difference in change in BMI (kg/m2) (95% CI) | P value | Multivariable* mean difference in change in BMI (kg/m2) (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 1.46 ± 2.76 | −0.12 (−0.33, 0.09) | .27 | 0.29 (0.07, 0.50) | .009 |
| Male | 1.58 ± 2.21 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Age, years | |||||
| 18-29.9 years | 1.44 ± 2.62 | −0.08 (−0.37, 0.20) | .56 | −0.07 (−0.34, 0.20) | .61 |
| 30-39.9 years | 1.52 ± 2.54 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 40-49.9 years | 1.66 ± 2.70 | 0.14 (−0.09, 0.37) | .23 | 0.05 (−0.17, 0.26) | .67 |
| 50+ years | 1.08 ± 2.58 | −0.43 (−0.74, −0.13) | .005 | −0.48 (−0.76, −0.19) | .001 |
| Education | |||||
| No formal education | 1.58 ± 2.76 | 0.17 (−0.09, 0.44) | .20 | 0.14 (−0.11, 0.39) | .28 |
| Primary | 1.41 ± 2.55 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Secondary/ advanced | 1.71 ± 2.69 | 0.30 (0.05, 0.55) | .02 | 0.21 (−0.03, 0.45) | .09 |
| Wealth quintile | |||||
| Q1 – Poorest | 1.39 ± 2.60 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Q2 | 1.44 ± 2.47 | 0.05 (−0.26, 0.35) | 0.01 (−0.27, 0.29) | ||
| Q3 – Middle | 1.35 ± 2.55 | −0.04 (−0.35, 0.27) | 0.13 (−0.16, 0.42) | ||
| Q4 | 1.55 ± 2.67 | 0.16 (−0.14, 0.45) | 0.22 (−0.06, 0.50) | ||
| Q5 – Richest | 1.72 ± 2.74 | 0.32 (0.02, 0.62) | .03** | 0.46 (0.17, 0.75) | <.001** |
| Current smoker | |||||
| No | 1.51 ± 2.63 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.17 ± 2.21 | −0.34 (−0.80, 0.11) | .14 | −0.44 (−0.88, 0.01) | .05 |
| Current alcohol drinker | |||||
| No | 1.52 ± 2.65 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.28 ± 2.39 | −0.24 (0.53, 0.04) | .10 | −0.04 (−0.31, 0.23) | .14 |
| CD4T-cell count (cells per μL) | |||||
| <200 | 2.33 ± 2.72 | 1.86 (1.58, 2.14) | <.001 | 1.61 (1.33, 1.88) | <.001 |
| 200-349 | 1.15 ± 2.39 | 0.69 (0.39, 0.99) | <.001 | 0.71 (0.41, 1.00) | <.001 |
| 350-499 | 0.79 ± 2.29 | 0.33 (0.00, 0.66) | .05 | 0.35 (0.03, 0.67) | .03 |
| ≥500 | 0.46 ± 2.32 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| WHO HIV disease stage | |||||
| I/II | 0.77 ± 2.30 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| III | 1.96 ± 2.69 | 1.20 (1.00, 1.39) | <.001 | 0.89 (0.70, 1.09) | <.001 |
| IV | 2.31 ± 2.92 | 1.54 (1.02, 2.07) | <.001 | 1.01 (0.50, 1.52) | <.001 |
| Pulmonary tuberculosis co-infection | |||||
| No | 2.38 ± 2.58 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 2.88 ± 2.68 | 1.50 (1.14, 1.86) | <.001 | 0.74 (0.39, 1.09) | <.001 |
| BMI at ART initiation (kg/m2) | |||||
| Underweight <18.5 | 2.34 ± 2.33 | 0.74 (0.48, 0.99) | <.001 | 0.39 (0.14, 0.64) | .002 |
| Normal 18.5-24.9 | 1.60 ± 2.58 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Overweight 25.0-29.9 | 1.06 ± 2.77 | −0.54 (−0.79, −0.29) | <.001 | −0.23 (−0.48, 0.01) | .06 |
| Obese ≥30.0 | 0.32 ± 2.40 | −1.28 (−1.60, −0.97) | <.001 | −0.81 (−1.12, −0.50) | <.001 |
*Multivariable model included all variables in the table and randomized regimen (vitamin D or placebo).
**P value for trend.