Table 3.
Risk factors for incident overweight or obesity (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2) among participants with a normal or underweight BMI at ART initiation.
| Percentage of participants with incident overweight or obesity n / N (%) | Univariable Relative Risk (95% CI) | P value | Multivariable* Relative Risk (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 395 / 1831 (21.6%) | 1.89 (1.56-2.27) | <.001 | 1.85 (1.49-2.27) | <.001 |
| Male | 128 / 1115 (11.5%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Age, years | |||||
| 18-29.9 years | 95 / 595 (16.0%) | 0.90 (0.72-1.12) | .33 | 0.85 (0.66-1.09) | .38 |
| 30-39.9 years | 201 / 1128 (17.8%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 40-49.9 years | 164 / 854 (19.2%) | 1.08 (0.89-1.30) | .43 | 1.19 (0.97-1.47) | .10 |
| 50+ years | 63 / 369 (17.1%) | 0.96 (0.74-1.24) | .74 | 1.14 (0.85-1.51) | .38 |
| Education | |||||
| No formal education | 86 / 486 (17.7%) | 1.01 (0.82-1.25) | .92 | 1.07 (0.84-1.36) | .58 |
| Primary | 334 / 1908 (17.5%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Secondary/advanced | 103 / 550 (18.7%) | 1.07 (0.88-1.31) | .51 | 1.11 (0.88-1.39) | .38 |
| Wealth | |||||
| Q1 – Poorest | 108 / 642 (16.8%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Q2 | 103 / 613 (16.8%) | 1.00 (0.78-1.28) | 1.04 (0.80-1.37) | ||
| Q3 – Middle | 95 / 542 (17.5%) | 1.04 (0.81-1.34) | 0.96 (0.73-1.26) | ||
| Q4 | 110 / 663 (17.4%) | 1.03 (0.81-1.32) | 0.94 (0.71-1.24) | ||
| Q5 – Richest | 107 / 516 (20.7%) | 1.23 (0.97-1.57) | .11** | 1.04 (0.80-1.37) | .11** |
| BMI at ART initiation (kg/m2) | |||||
| Underweight <18.5 | 12 / 844 (1.4%) | 0.06 (0.03-0.10) | <.001 | 0.06 (0.03-0.10) | <.001 |
| Normal 18.5-24.9 | 511 / 2102 (24.3%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Current smoker | |||||
| No | 510 / 2788 (18.3%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 13 / 158 (8.2%) | 0.45 (0.27-0.76) | .003 | 0.69 (0.39-1.22) | .20 |
| Current alcohol drinker | |||||
| No | 467 / 2631 (17.8%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 56 / 259 (17.8%) | 1.00 (0.78-1.29) | .99 | 1.06 (0.80-1.41) | .69 |
| CD4T-cell count at ART initiation (cells per μL) | |||||
| <200 | 262 / 1399 (18.7%) | 1.20 (0.92-1.57) | .17 | 1.40 (1.05-1.88) | .02 |
| 200-349 | 121 / 644 (18.8%) | 1.21 (0.90-1.61) | .20 | 1.23 (0.89-1.69) | .21 |
| 350-499 | 68 / 399 (17.0%) | 1.10 (0.79-1.51) | .58 | 1.09 (0.76-1.55) | .65 |
| ≥500 | 56 / 360 (15.6%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| WHO HIV disease stage | |||||
| I/II | 179 / 904 (19.8%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| III | 321 / 1871 (17.2%) | 0.87 (0.73-1.02) | .09 | 0.98 (0.81-1.18) | .82 |
| IV | 23 / 171 (13.5%) | 0.68 (0.45-1.02) | .06 | 1.10 (0.70-1.71) | .69 |
| Pulmonary tuberculosis coinfection | |||||
| No | 472 / 2609 (18.1%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 51 / 337 (15.1%) | 0.84 (0.64-1.09) | .19 | 1.23 (0.91-1.67) | .17 |