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. 2024 Oct 8;15:348. doi: 10.1186/s13287-024-03958-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — VIP modulates cellular differentiation towards a secretory phenotype. A Experimental setup and treatment scheme. B Expression of Vipr1 and Vipr2 genes in different epithelial compartments (based on single-cell RNA sequencing data set from [32]. C Immunohistochemical staining of VPAC1 in the murine small intestine (Scale bar = 100 µm). D qPCR analysis of differentiation markers of Paneth cells (Lyz1), goblet cells (Muc2, Clca1), tuft cells (Dclk1), enteroendocrine cells (NeuroD) and progenitor cells (Lgr5) upon VIP treatment. n = 3–6 per group. E Immunofluorescent analysis of LYZ1 staining in control and VIP-treated organoids (Scale bars = 50 µm). n = 4 (Control), n = 5 (VIP). F PCA of transformed count data from the bulk RNA sequencing of control and VIP-treated whole intestinal organoids. n = 3 (Control), n = 4 (VIP). G Hallmark gene-set enrichment analysis of differential gene expression in VIP-treated organoids; Ctrl = control, NES = normalized enrichment score. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Data are shown as means ± SEM, n = number of biological replicates. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA with Šídák's multiple comparisons test (D) and paired Student’s t-test in (E)